Abstract
German is one of the world's major languages, with some 100million speakers in a large number of European countries. It arose from the West Germanic dialects of central and southern Germany. It has been continuously attested since the 8th century and a written form was standardized independently of any spoken dialect between 1500 and 1800. Its orthography is broadly phonemic, it retains substantial inflection, and its syntax is characterized by the verb-second constraint. It has considerable regional variation, and the pattern of relationships between standard and nonstandard varieties is also immensely varied and of considerable sociolinguistic interest.
Published Version
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