Abstract
Timed picture naming is a common psycholinguistic paradigm. In this task, participants are asked to label visually depicted objects or actions. Naming performance can be influenced by several picture and verb characteristics which demands fully characterized normative data. In this study, we provide a first German normative data set of picture and verb characteristics associated with a compilation of 283 freely available action pictures and 600 action verbs including naming latencies from 55 participants. We report standard measures for pictures and verbs such as name agreement indices, visual complexity, word frequency, word length, imageability and age of acquisition. In addition, we include less common parameters, such as orthographic Levenshtein distance, transitivity, reflexivity, morphological complexity, and motor content of the pictures and their associated verbs. We use repeated measures correlations in order to investigate associations between picture and word characteristics and linear mixed effects modeling for the prediction of naming latency. Our analyses reveal comparable results to previous studies in other languages, indicating high construct validity. We found that naming latency varied as a function of entropy of responses, word frequency and motor content of pictures and words. In summary, we provide first German normative data for action pictures and their associated verbs and identify variables influencing naming latency.
Highlights
Language processing is an intensively studied subject in the field of human behavior and neuroscience
While correlations and the linear mixed model are based on trial-by-trial data, we report averaged picture and word characteristics across participants, enabling straightforward usability as a normative data set (MCpic, IM, motor content of the word (MCword), age of word acquisition (AoA), FR, orthographic Levenshtein distance 20 (OLD20), LE, TR, RE, and CO)
For IM, MCword, AoA, TR, RE, and CO, we only considered trials with responses that were evaluated in Experiment 2
Summary
Language processing is an intensively studied subject in the field of human behavior and neuroscience. While a considerate amount of research has been devoted to language comprehension, language production is relatively understudied, partially due to the lack of well-characterized stimulus material (for review see Harley, 2014). A well-established task to study language production is timed picture naming (Cattell, 1886; Oldfield & Wingfield, 1964). Participants view pictorial stimuli and label the depicted scene with one. Behavioral performance is mainly evaluated as naming latency and—in the case of predetermined reference answers—correctness of responses. Using this task, effects of particular picture characteristics or attributes of the associated words on language production can be studied
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