Abstract
Abstract. Among the meteorological disasters, heavy rainfalls cause the second largest damage in Korea, following typhoons. To manage the potential disasters due to heavy rainfalls, understanding the observational characteristics of precipitation is of utmost importance. In this study, we investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of warm-season precipitation in Korea, according to the precipitation types, by conducting the geostatistical analyses such as an autocorrelogram, Moran's I and general G on the composite (radar + station) precipitation data. The e-folding distance of precipitation ranges from 15 to 35 km, depending on the spatial distribution, rather than intensity, of precipitation, whereas the e-folding time ranges from 1 to 2 h. The directional analyses revealed that the warm-season precipitation systems in Korea, especially those with a high precipitation amount, have high spatial autocorrelations in the southwest–northeast and west–east directions, in association with the frontal rainfalls, convection bands, etc. Furthermore, the cluster versus dispersion patterns and the hot versus cold spots are analyzed through Moran's I and general G, respectively. Water vapor, represented by the brightness temperature, from three Himawari-8 water vapor bands also shows similar characteristics with precipitation but with strong spatial correlation over a much longer distance (∼ 100 km), possibly due to the continuity of water vapor. We found that, under the e-folding-based standard, the current observation network of Korea is sufficient to capture the characteristics of most precipitation systems; however, under a strict standard (e.g., autocorrelation of 0.6), a higher-resolution observation network is essentially required – especially in local areas with frequent heavy rainfalls – depending on the directional features of precipitation systems. Establishing such an observation network based on the characteristics of precipitation enables us to improve monitoring, tracking, and prediction skills of high-impact weather phenomena as well as to enhance the utilization of numerical weather prediction.
Highlights
Heavy rainfall causes one of the most serious meteorological disasters in Korea
To improve the forecast accuracy, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the precipitation systems through analyses of data from observation and/or numerical modeling
We identify the characteristics of warmseason precipitation systems in Korea, via the geostatistical analyses on the composite precipitation and satellite water vapor data
Summary
Most precipitation systems in Korea are highly influenced by the East Asian summer monsoon, called Changma in Korean (Riyu et al, 2001; Kim et al, 2002; Lee et al, 2017b), and have high seasonal variation; they show high spatial variation due to complex topographic features (e.g., Ko et al, 2005; Chang and Kwon, 2007; Park and Lee, 2007; In et al, 2014). Since heavy rainfalls including typhoon cause serious damages to both human life and property, improving the their forecast accuracy is of utmost importance. S. Park et al.: Geostatistical assessment of warm-season precipitation observations in Korea forecast accuracy, it is essential to understand the spatial and temporal characteristics as well as the occurrence and development mechanisms of the precipitation systems
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