Geometrical modeling of surface profile formation during laser ablation of materials

Abstract

Recent advances in laser machining technology have made it possible to fabricate parts and features with high accuracy and precision, using high-powered, short-pulsed, Q-switched lasers. To determine the machining parameters to obtain the desired geometrical quality, an understanding of the relationship between the process parameters and the resulting surface profile is necessary. In the present study, we adopt a geometrical approach which, coupled with the material properties and machining process parameters, yields a method to determine the surface profile of the material ablated by a laser pulse. It is reasoned that the energy incident upon an infinitesimal area of the surface at a given time is transferred in the outward normal direction to the surface, and the volume of ablation, centered about the normal, is determined by the laser–material interaction and the process parameters. The direction and depth of ablation determine the modified surface profile an infinitesimal time later, yielding a nonlinear partial differential equation, which is then integrated starting with the initial known surface to determine the profile at an arbitrary time. Theoretical predictions and the experimental results are compared for a test case of metals. The agreement between the two is satisfactory indicating the adequacy of the approach.