Abstract
A new watermarking approach based on affine Legendre moment invariants (ALMIs) and local characteristic regions (LCRs) which allows watermark detection and extraction under affine transformation attacks is presented in this paper. It is a non-blind watermarking scheme. Original image color image is converted into HSV color space and divided into four parts. LCR is constructed and a set of affine invariants are derived on LCRs based on Legendre moments for each part. These invariants can be used for estimating the affine transform coefficients on the LCRs. ALMIs are used for watermark embedding, detection and extraction as they provide synchronization and invariant feature which is necessary for a robust watermarking scheme. The proposed scheme shows resistance to geometric distortion, cropping, filtering, compression, and additive noise than the existing ALMI based scheme [Alghoniemy, M. and Tewfik, A. H. [2004] "Geometric invariance in image watermarking," IEEE Trans. Image Process13(2), 145–153] and affine geometric moment invariant (AGMI) based scheme [Seo, J. S. and Yoo, C. D. [2006] "Image watermarking based on invariant regions of scale-space representation," IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 54(4), 1537–1549].
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