Abstract
The genus Tinospora includes 34 species, in which several herbs were used as traditional medicines by indigenous groups throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The extensive literature survey revealed Tinospora species to be a group of important medicinal plants used for the ethnomedical treatment of colds, headaches, pharyngitis, fever, diarrhea, oral ulcer, diabetes, digestive disorder, and rheumatoid arthritis. Indian ethnopharmacological data points to the therapeutic potential of the T. cordifolia for the treatment of diabetic conditions. While Tinospora species are confusing in individual ingredients and their mechanisms of action, the ethnopharmacological history of those plants indicated that they exhibit antidiabetic, antioxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antiosteoporosis, and immunostimulation activities. While the clinical applications in modern medicine are lacking convincing evidence and support, this review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicities of the genus Tinospora to reveal its therapeutic potentials and gaps, offering opportunities for future researches.
Highlights
The genus Tinospora (Menispermaceae), 34 species included, is a large glabrous deciduous climbing shrub [1]
This paper summarized the research achievements of the medicine plants in genus Tinospora ranging from clinical studies to phytochemistry and pharmacology areas
(2) Diterpenes with Type 2 Skeleton. This is another type of clerodane diterpene without the C-8/C-12 linking lactone ring, yielding a variant genre of diterpenes featured by the decalin ring junction of different stereochemistry
Summary
The genus Tinospora (Menispermaceae), 34 species included, is a large glabrous deciduous climbing shrub [1]. T. sinensis and T. capillipes are officially listed in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (中华人民共和国药典) with the Chinese names “Kuan Jin Teng” (宽筋藤) and “Jin Guo Lan” (金果榄), respectively [2] Those herbs in genus Tinospora are mostly heat-clearing and detoxifying (清热解毒). Modern pharmacological researches and clinical practices demonstrated that Tinospora species possess a wide spectrum of activities, including antidiabetic [3], antioxidation [5, 6], antitumor [7, 8], anti-inflammation [9, 10], antimicrobial [11], antiosteoporosis [12], and immunostimulation effect [13]. This paper summarized the research achievements of the medicine plants in genus Tinospora ranging from clinical studies to phytochemistry and pharmacology areas. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine researches and on the other hand enable experts in the field to determine if the research on genus Tinospora is on proper path
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