Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), one of the causal agents of Grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD), is one of the most important viral diseases of grapevine worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of GLRaV-1, genetic variation and recombination events among GLRaV-1 isolates in Turkey were investigated. Initially, 197 grapevine samples from different provinces of the country were serologically tested. Of the total samples, 109 (55.32%) were identified as GLRaV-1 infected. Subsequently, 9 samples representing different geographic distribution were selected for further sequence analysis of the heat-shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), open reading frame 9 (p24), coat protein (CP) and coat protein duplicate 2 (CPd2). Among the four gene regions, CPd2 was found the most divergent region while HSP70h gene exhibited the lowest genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis of four genomic regions including GenBank records clustered all variants in two major groups and grouped Turkish isolates mostly together. However, the isolate clusters were not correlated to their geographic origin. Furthermore, several putative recombination events were detected with trace to moderate evidence support of algorithms implemented in Recombination Detection Program (RDP). Taken together, the results provide a better understanding on genetic variation of Turkish GLRaV-1 isolates in the country and worldwide and can help to improve sanitation of propagated material programs for the grape growers.
Highlights
Among the grapevine virus diseases, the most widespread and economically destructive one is grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD), which was first described in the mid-19th century
According to DAS-ELISA results, 109 out of 197 collected from Hatay (61 out of 107 samples), Gaziantep (23 out of 46 samples) and Tekirdağ (25 out of 44 samples) grapevine samples were found to be infected by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1)
Grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaVs)-1 was found to be the most common virus in Central Anatolia with the infection rate of 8.36% by DAS-ELISA (Akbaş et al 2007). Another survey was conducted in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey and the most common virus was found to be GLRaV-1 with the infection rate of 55.56% followed by GLRaV-4 (43.14%), GLRaV-2 (15.69%) and GLRaV-3 (12.42%) by RT-PCR analysis (Değer et al 2015)
Summary
Grapevine (Vitis sp.) is one of the most widely grown woody crops worldwide. Turkey produces 4.175.356 tons of grapes and ranks the 6th in production after China, USA, Italy, Spain and France (FAOSTAT 2014). Genomic Variability and Recombination Analysis of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 Isolates from Turkey, Elçi shape viruses associated with that disease are named as Grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaVs). They are represented by the species GLRaV-1, -2, -3 and -4 and recently, GLRaV-5, -6, -9, GLRaVPr, GLRaV-De, and GLRaV-Car were recognized as strains of GLRaV-4 (Martelli et al 2012). Genomic variability and recombination events of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 isolates in Turkey were evaluated through the sequence analysis of four different genomic regions of the virus For this purpose, the HSP70h, CP, ORF9 (p24) and CPd2 genes of GLRaV-1 were amplified, sequenced and possible recombination events were investigated
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