Abstract
Simple SummarySalmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses and a global public health concern. Salmonella enterica serotype Minnesota has been increasingly isolated from Brazilian poultry farms. The present study investigated the phylogenetic relationships, evolution and genetic characteristics of S. Minnesota isolates from Brazilian poultry farms. The results demonstrated two main S. Minnesota lineages in the poultry production chain from Brazil, both presenting genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence. The present study also provides insights into the temporal evolution, population structure, and genetic characteristics of the two S. Minnesota lineages disseminated in Brazilian poultry farms.Salmonella serotype Minnesota has been increasingly detected in Brazilian poultry farms and food products (chicken meat, eggs) in recent years. In addition, S. Minnesota isolates from poultry are generally resistant to several antibiotics and persistent in farm environments. The present study aimed to assess phylogenomic diversity of S. Minnesota isolates from the poultry production chain in Brazil. In total, 107 worldwide S. Minnesota whole genomes (including 12 from Brazil) were analyzed using a comparative approach. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two clades more related to poultry production in Brazil: S. Minnesota poultry lineages I and II (SM-PLI and SM-PLII). Phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that SM-PLI had a common ancestor in 1915, while SM–PLII originated circa 1971. SM-PLII encompassed a higher number of isolates and presented a recent increase in effective population size (mainly from 2009 to 2012). Plasmids IncA/C2 and ColRNA, antimicrobial resistance genes (aph(3′)-Ia, blaCMY-2, qnrB19, sul2, and tet(A)) and mainly a virulence genetic cluster (including the yersiniabactin operon) were detected in isolates from SM-PLI and/or SM-PLII. This study demonstrates the dissemination of two distinct S. Minnesota lineages with high resistance to antibiotics and important virulence genetic clusters in Brazilian poultry farms.
Highlights
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses and a global public health concern [1]
The genus Salmonella is divided into two species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori), but it is classified into several serotypes by immunological assays
Raw sequencing reads obtained in this study and downloaded from NCBI (Table S1) were assembled with a median of 67 contigs larger than 1 kb, a median N50 of
Summary
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses and a global public health concern [1] The genus Salmonella is divided into two species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori), but it is classified into several serotypes by immunological assays. More than 2600 serotypes have already been identified within the Salmonella genus worldwide, many of them associated with enteric and systemic diseases in domestic animals and humans [2]. Salmonella is disseminated into the flocks and farm environments via the avian feces. Other animals may become infected through contaminated poultry litter or close contact with an infected bird. High Salmonella bacterial content in the enteric tract of broilers and layers can result in the contamination of chicken meat, eggs, and other poultry products in slaughterhouses [3]
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