Abstract
Trehalose biosynthesis enzyme homologues in plants contain two families, trehalose-6-phosphate synthases (TPSs) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases (TPPs). Both families participate in trehalose synthesis and a variety of stress-resistance processes. Here, nine BdTPS and ten BdTPP genes were identified based on the Brachypodium distachyon genome, and all genes were classified into three classes. The Class I and Class II members differed substantially in gene structures, conserved motifs, and protein sequence identities, implying varied gene functions. Gene duplication analysis showed that one BdTPS gene pair and four BdTPP gene pairs are formed by duplication events. The value of Ka/Ks (non-synonymous/synonymous) was less than 1, suggesting purifying selection in these gene families. The cis-elements and gene interaction network prediction showed that many family members may be involved in stress responses. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription (qRT-PCR) results further supported that most BdTPSs responded to at least one stress or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, whereas over half of BdTPPs were downregulated after stress treatment, implying that BdTPSs play a more important role in stress responses than BdTPPs. This work provides a foundation for the genome-wide identification of the B. distachyon TPS–TPP gene families and a frame for further studies of these gene families in abiotic stress responses.
Highlights
Abiotic stress, i.e., drought, chilling, salinity, and heat stress, are limiting factors that seriously affect crop quality and yield; improving the abiotic stress tolerance of plants is highly important for the agricultural industry
The results revealed indicated that the nucleotide identity between them ranged from 28.07% to 38.16%, while the nucleotide approximately 52% amino acid identity on average among BdTPSs and BdTPPs, while higher rates identity among the Class II proteins ranged from 40.12% to 81.87% (Figure 2a)
The results showed that only BdTPPE had a higher expression level at all three time points; some genes, such as BdTPS5, 6, 7, 9, and BdTPPA, F, were upregulated after 6 h of exposure, while most other genes were downregulated at all three times points
Summary
I.e., drought, chilling, salinity, and heat stress, are limiting factors that seriously affect crop quality and yield; improving the abiotic stress tolerance of plants is highly important for the agricultural industry. Complex regulatory networks can cause certain molecular, biochemical, and physiological changes, including the accumulation of osmotic substances, stomatal closure, and decreased photosynthesis [1]. Among these changes, the accumulation of trehalose is a significant pathway for plants under stress conditions to avoid damage. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide of glucose that increases under abiotic stress in organisms [2]. Previous studies have found trehalose, for instance, to participate in the responses of microorganism, especially bacteria and yeast to different abiotic stresses [3,4,5,6].
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