Abstract
Genome editing tools have the potential to change the genomic architecture of a genome at precise locations, with desired accuracy. These tools have been efficiently used for trait discovery and for the generation of plants with high crop yields and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to complex genomic architecture, it is challenging to edit all of the genes/genomes using a particular genome editing tool. Therefore, to overcome this challenging task, several genome editing tools have been developed to facilitate efficient genome editing. Some of the major genome editing tools used to edit plant genomes are: Homologous recombination (HR), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system, RNA interference (RNAi), cisgenesis, and intragenesis. In addition, site-directed sequence editing and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis have the potential to edit the genome at the single-nucleotide level. Recently, adenine base editors (ABEs) have been developed to mutate A-T base pairs to G-C base pairs. ABEs use deoxyadeninedeaminase (TadA) with catalytically impaired Cas9 nickase to mutate A-T base pairs to G-C base pairs.
Highlights
From the beginning of plant domestication approximately 10,000 years ago, conventional plant breeding methods were the most successful approach for developing new crop varieties
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and double stranded breaks (DSB) can potentially be used for precise genome editing in plants, and can have a huge impact in functional genomics studies
This can be very helpful for novel trait discovery in plants, and will be very beneficial when used for improving crops for commercial purposes
Summary
From the beginning of plant domestication approximately 10,000 years ago, conventional plant breeding methods were the most successful approach for developing new crop varieties. The implementation of comprehensive synthetic biology tools, which are popularly known as “genome editing tools” [2], is required to carry out the task of integrating desired traits into crop genomes. Several DNA, RNA, and protein-based tools have been developed to edit and incorporate suitable agronomic traits into the desired crops. Chemical mutagenesis methods and target-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) have been developed to overcome such problems [7,8,9]. These techniques have led to off-target mutations in addition to the mutations of interest. We describe details about the available genome editing tools, and how these tools can be improved for better application
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