Abstract
Hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is a major spice crop and is used worldwide for its nutritional value. In the field, its plant is susceptible to various fungal diseases, including fusarium wilt, caused by soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, which can survive in the soil for several years. The infected plant can be recognized by the yellowing of older leaves and downward curling of apical shoots, followed by plant wilting and ultimately the death of the plant. The resistance mechanism in plants is controlled by a single dominant gene, and conventional plant breeding techniques are used to develop a wilt-resistant germplasm. Non-conventional techniques such as gene pyramiding and expression enhancement of antifungal genes could be used to shorten the time to develop resistance against fusarium wilt in hot peppers. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the disease and the molecular basis of resistance in chili/hot pepper plants. Furthermore, this review covers the scope of conventional and non-conventional breeding strategies and different management approaches used to tackle the disease.
Highlights
Chilies or hot peppers (Capsicum annum L.) are a major spice vegetable belonging to the family Solanaceae [1]
Plants contain several genes that are related to defense mechanisms and could be utilized against pathogens to protect from pathogenic attack
Fusarium wilt is promoted in moist soil combined with high temperature, and it is most destructive in November and December, as the levels of moisture in soils become higher in these months
Summary
Chilies or hot peppers (Capsicum annum L.) are a major spice vegetable belonging to the family Solanaceae [1] It is famous for its nutrition: its abundance of total soluble phenolics and vitamin C [2]. In terms of biotic stresses, the chili plant faces viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Among these diseases, chili leaf curl virus, murda complex, leaf spots, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and wilt are highlighted [11]. Genetic transformation can be used in chili plants to counter abiotic stresses, and has yielded positive results in the past [13,14]. We have summarized the genetics for resistance against fusarium wilt in chili plants, which have not been summarized in any previous review
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