Genetic variation of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus parasites in birds of Iran

Abstract

Background: Plasmodium and Haemoproteus are common parasites transferred to birds by Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Hippoboscidae vectors. These parasites are of particular concern to healthcare researchers and veterinarians due to their impact on avian malaria, association with other animals and humans, and phylogenetic link with human Plasmodium species. Methods: This bibliographic review article was designed to deliver a report on the avian malaria infections of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. in birds in Iran. Published reports in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used for this revision until April 2023. Results: The highest number of recorded infections with Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp. was found in Passeridae, as revealed by genetic analysis of Cytb DNA sequences. In this revision, following preceding investigations, the overall prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. was greater than that of Plasmodium spp. discovered by molecular techniques in Iran. Besides, the frequency of published genetic variants (lineages) of Haemoproteus is higher than that of Plasmodium. Our result indicated that the frequency of novel genetic variants Haemoproteus and Plasmodium in published reports was 38% and 12.5% of diagnosed lineages, respectively. Conclusion: The region needs more studies to detect parasites in unexplored hosts and vectors, as there is a lack of research. Understanding the prevalence, epidemiology, transmission approach, and vectors of avian blood parasites is crucial for pet health care, zoos, parks, aviaries, and rehabilitation facilities.