Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)–notifiable crustacean pathogen. During screening of Penaeus vannamei shrimp from 3 commercial shrimp facilities in the United States for a panel of OIE-listed (n = 7) and nonlisted (n = 2) crustacean diseases, shrimp from these facilities tested positive for IHHNV. Nucleotide sequences of PCR amplicons showed 99%–100% similarity to IHHNV isolates from Latin America and Asia. The whole genome of the isolates also showed high similarity to type 2 infectious forms of IHHNV. Phylogenetic analysis using capsid gene and whole-genome sequences demonstrated that the isolates clustered with an IHHNV isolate from Ecuador. The detection of an OIE-listed crustacean pathogen in the United States highlights the need for biosecurity protocols in hatcheries and grow-out ponds to mitigate losses.
Highlights
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)–notifiable crustacean pathogen
Routine disease surveillance that adheres to the US Department of Agriculture and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) guidelines and diagnostics performed by the Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (APL) and the National Veterinary Services
The amplicons 389 bp and 309 bp from all 3 cases were sequenced by Sanger methods; the nucleotide sequence of these amplicons showed a 99% identity with previously reported IHHNV sequences deposited in GenBank
Summary
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)–notifiable crustacean pathogen. Most of the genetic lines of P. vannamei shrimp farmed in Latin America and Asia today are claimed to be tolerant or resistant to the virus, and IHHNV is assumed to have no ill effect on the production parameters in these shrimp lines, scientific evidence to support this assumption is lacking Considering these genetic lines can tolerate high levels of IHHNV without displaying clinical manifestations of the disease, transboundary movement of shrimp broodstock and larvae from these lines might lead to widespread distribution of IHHNV unless rigorous biosecurity is practiced in hatcheries. This success is reflected by the 26-year absence of the virus from all US-based farms until now
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