Abstract
Microbial biotechnology and genome editing have undergone a revolutionary transformation with the discovery and advancement of CRISPR-Cas systems. Initially recognized as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea, these systems have been repurposed into highly effective tools for accurately modifying genetic material. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the remarkable influence of CRISPR-Cas systems on microbial biotechnology and genome editing. We explore their fundamental mechanisms, recent breakthroughs, existing challenges, and future prospects in this rapidly evolving field. By unraveling the intricate workings of CRISPR-Cas systems, we shed light on their ability to facilitate precise and efficient genetic manipulation. With a focus on microbial biotechnology and genome editing, we uncover how CRISPR-Cas systems have revolutionized these areas, presenting new possibilities for genetic engineering. Moreover, we discuss the challenges CRISPR-Cas systems face, such as off-target effects and delivery methods, while highlighting the ongoing research endeavors that aim to overcome these obstacles. By examining the transformative impact of CRISPR-Cas systems, this review reveals this groundbreaking technology's immense potential and promising future in microbial biotechnology and genome editing. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas systems, microbial biotechnology, genome editing, adaptive immune system, genetic material, precise manipulation, transformative impact, off-target effects, delivery methods, genetic engineering.
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