Genetic Modification of Plants: An Emerging Technology

Abstract

Genetically modified (GM) plants can be created by adding specific DNA sequences obtained from the same plant species or different species. Which aims to achieve higher yields, disease and pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, production of antibodies, and other pharmaceutical molecules by manipulating gene expression to alter the protein properties. Insect resistant plants reduce the damage caused by pests and diseases. Herbicide glyphosate or glufosinate-tolerant GM plants gave promising results in combating weed. The properties of plants such as metal uptake, transport, accumulation, and detoxification of organic pollutants can be enhanced by genetically manipulating the fast-grown and introducing the responsible gene from the hyper accumulative species. GM plants can be used to produce cost-efficient and manageable drugs, vaccine, and biopharmaceuticals, if certain limitations are to be considered such as quality of final products, techniques for extraction and processing of biopharmaceuticals, and biosafety. Despite all these benefits, its adverse effects on the environment and human health have always been a matter of concern. The main limitation includes a horizontal transfer of the transgene to other species which may code for the specific antibiotic and herbicide resistance. It might be the possible transmission of resistance from the food products to the whole human population via intestinal bacteria. To address this several methods, need to be adopted to either keep away or eliminate marker genes from the transformed plants before growing in the field. Many scientists have come up with strategies to generate marker-free transgenic plants to give us safe and reliable GM technology.