Abstract
ABSTRACTGenetic individualization based on non-invasive sampling is crucial for estimating the numbers of individuals in endangered mammalian populations. In sable (Martes zibellina)-poaching cases, identifying the number of animals involved is critical for determining the penalty. In addition, investigating animal numbers for wild sable populations requires genetic individualization when collecting several samples in neighboring regions. Microsatellites have been demonstrated to be reliable markers for individual identification. Thirty-three microsatellite loci derived from Mustelidae were selected to develop a genetic individualization method for sable. Three reference populations containing 54 unrelated sables were used to calculate allele number, allelic frequencies, and the polymorphic information content of each locus. The data were subsequently used to assess the validity of a combination of twelve loci for sable individualization. We defined twelve polymorphic loci that were easy to be amplified and genotyped. Four significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed among the 12 loci in the three populations. The match probability of an individual from the reference populations with a random individual based on the 12 loci was 1.37 × 10−13. Using the combination of the twelve loci provides sufficient power to individualize sables considering the levels of microsatellite polymorphism observed. These loci were successfully applied to a case of sable poaching and provided valid evidence to determine the penalty. The genetic individualization of sable based on these loci might also be useful to investigate the numbers of animals in wild populations.
Highlights
Sable (Martes zibellina L. 1758) is a circumboreal species and is widespread in the taiga forests of Eurasia, especially in Russia from the Ural Mountains to eastern Siberia; in northern Mongolia, China and North Korea; and on Hokkaido in Japan (Proulx et al 2004)
Investigating the population numbers of wild sable populations requires a method of genetic individualization when collecting several samples in neighboring regions
We developed a method for the genetic individualization of sable using twelve microsatellite loci from related mustelid species
Summary
Sable (Martes zibellina L. 1758) is a circumboreal species and is widespread in the taiga forests of Eurasia, especially in Russia from the Ural Mountains to eastern Siberia; in northern Mongolia, China and North Korea; and on Hokkaido in Japan (Proulx et al 2004). The pelts of sables are highly valued items in the fur trade. Intensive hunting for sable pelts has resulted in dramatic population declines of the species in China. The resulting scarcity of sable pelts has increased the potential for profitable sales and stimulated poaching activities. In the winter of 2012, the police discovered a poaching case in the city of YiChun in China and seized fifteen sable pelts and five skinned sable carcasses. In this case, it was necessary to determine how many sables were involved because obtaining an accurate number of individuals is critical for determining the penalty. Investigating the population numbers of wild sable populations requires a method of genetic individualization when collecting several samples in neighboring regions
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