Abstract
Simple SummaryWe performed SNP genotyping of indigenous goats of Mongolia to explore their demographic history in the global context and to estimate their genetic risks. Recently, these risks have become a subject of concern due to recent climatic disasters and uncontrolled massive breeding. Various clustering methods demonstrated close genetic relations among Mongolian, Russian, Chinese, and West Asian breeds. Mongolian goats themselves exhibited low to moderate estimates of genetic differentiation. We identified genetic features highlighting the distinct origin and breeding history of Mongolian goat breeds, as well as traces of artificial selection and geographic isolation. However, none of them met formal criteria to be considered as endangered.Mongolian goats are of great interest for studying ancient migration routes and domestication, and also represent a good model of adaptability to harsh environments. Recent climatic disasters and uncontrolled massive breeding endangered the valuable genetic resources of Mongolian goats and raised the question of their conservation status. Meanwhile, Mongolian goats have never been studied on genomic scale. We used Illumina Goat SNP50 to estimate genetic risks in five Mongolian goat breeds (Buural, Ulgii Red, Gobi GS, Erchim, Dorgon) and explored phylogenic relationships among these populations and in the context of other breeds. Various clustering methods showed that Mongolian goats grouped with other Asian breeds and were especially close to some neighboring Russian and Chinese breeds. The Buural breed showed the lowest estimates of inbreeding and exhibited the shortest genetic distances within the other Mongolian breeds, especially, to Ulgii Red and Gobi GS. These three breeds formed a single core group, being weakly differentiated from each other. Among them, Gobi GS displayed obvious signs of inbreeding probably resulted from artificial selection pressure. Dorgon and especially Erchim goats stand apart from the other Mongolian breeds according to various types of analyses, and bear unique features pointing to different breeding histories or distinct origins of these breeds. All populations showed strong decline in effective population size. However, none of them met formal criteria to be considered as endangered breeds. The SNP data obtained in this study improved the knowledge of Mongolian goat breeds and could be used in future management decisions in order to preserve their genetic diversity.
Highlights
The conservation of biodiversity is recognized as one of the main focuses in genetic research in domesticated animals, the great efforts made here still cannot fix the rate of loss in local animal breeds [1]
Adaptability of local goats serves as the main source of stability for small holders when faced with environmental changes [2], so that loss in genetic diversity puts a number of cultures and ethnic groups under the threat of extinction
We generated a set of 45,665 SNPs from 167 animals from five Mongolian breeds (Buural, Ulgii Red, Erchim, Gobi Gurvan Saikhan (Gobi GS), Dorgon)
Summary
The conservation of biodiversity is recognized as one of the main focuses in genetic research in domesticated animals, the great efforts made here still cannot fix the rate of loss in local animal breeds [1]. Adaptability of local goats serves as the main source of stability for small holders when faced with environmental changes [2], so that loss in genetic diversity puts a number of cultures and ethnic groups under the threat of extinction. Biodiversity conservation is challenging because the number of their breeds is huge, but conservation resources are very limited. Decisions might be supported by the compilation of databases containing objective information about the genotypes of these breeds: their genetic risks, phylogenetic relationships, as well as knowledge of the socioeconomic processes that can affect the risks of these breeds [5,6]. SNP genotyping is widely recognized as the most appropriate tool due to the availability of commercial SNP arrays that give unified comparable data [7]
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