Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica, widespread within domestic and wild-living animals, is a foodborne pathogen causing yersiniosis. The goal of this study was to assess a genetic similarity of Y. enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like strains isolated from different hosts using Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) methods, and analyze the prevalence of virulence genes using multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Among 51 Yersinia sp. strains 20 virulotypes were determined. The most common virulence genes were ymoA, ureC, inv, myfA, and yst. Yersinia sp. strains had genes which may contribute to the bacterial invasion and colonization of the intestines as well as survival in serum. One wild boar Y. enterocolitica 1A strain possessed ail gene implying the possible pathogenicity of 1A biotype. Wild boar strains, represented mainly by 1A biotype, were not classified into the predominant Variable-Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR)/PFGE profile and virulotype. There was a clustering tendency among VNTR/PFGE profiles of pig origin, 4/O:3, and virulence profile. Pig and human strains formed the most related group, characterized by ~80% of genetic similarity what suggest the role of pigs as a potential source of infection for the pork consumers.
Highlights
The genus Yersinia has been recently classified to Yersiniaceae family [1] and comprises of 19 species, i.e., Y. aldovae, Y. aleksiciae, Y. bercovieri, Y. enterocolitica, Y. entomophaga, Y.frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. massiliensis, Y. mollaretii, Y. nurmii, Y. pekkanenii, Y. pestis, Y. philomiragia, Y.pseudotuberculosis, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, Y. similis, and Y.wautersii with a wide range of hosts [1,2,3]
Species. i.e., Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are pathogenic to humans
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis cause human yersiniosis commonly reported in Europe [4]
Summary
The genus Yersinia has been recently classified to Yersiniaceae family [1] and comprises of 19 species, i.e., Y. aldovae, Y. aleksiciae, Y. bercovieri, Y. enterocolitica, Y. entomophaga, Y.frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. massiliensis, Y. mollaretii, Y. nurmii, Y. pekkanenii, Y. pestis, Y. philomiragia, Y.pseudotuberculosis, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, Y. similis, and Y.wautersii with a wide range of hosts (fish, insects, plants, mammals, and humans) [1,2,3]. I.e., Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are pathogenic to humans. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis cause human yersiniosis commonly reported in Europe [4]. All Y. pseudotuberculosis strains are considered pathogenic, while Y. enterocolitica includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains according to the biotypes division (1A, 1B, and 2–5). The most common bioserotypes causing human yersiniosis in Europe are Y. enterocolitica. Y. enterocolitica is most commonly found in pig meat and its products, in particular in raw or undercooked pork and pork products, and in milk and other dairy products, plants, seafood, and drinking water. During the slaughter and processing of meat, Y. enterocolitica may be transferred from contaminated tissues onto the rest of the pig carcass and persists in cooling conditions in pork products in retailers [12,13,14]. Y. enterocolitica strains are not detectable within the current pig meat inspection in EU [16]
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