Genetic deficiency of apolipoprotein D in the mouse is associated with nonfasting hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia

Abstract

Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is an atypical apolipoprotein with an incompletely understood function in the regulation of triglyceride and glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated that elevated ApoD production in mice results in improved postprandial triglyceride clearance. This work studies the role of ApoD deficiency in the regulation of triglyceride and glucose metabolism and its dependence on aging. We used ApoD knockout (ApoD-KO) mice of 3 and 21 months of age. Body weight and food intake were measured. Hepatic histology, triglyceride content, lipoprotein lipase levels, and plasma metabolites were studied. Phenotypic characterization of glucose metabolism was performed using glucose tolerance test. β-Cell mass, islet volume, and islet number were analyzed by histomorphometry. Apolipoprotein D deficiency results in nonfasting hypertriglyceridemia in young (P = .01) and aged mice (P = .002). In young ApoD-KO mice, hypertriglyceridemia was associated with 30% to 50% increased food intake in nonfasting and fasting conditions, respectively, without changes in body weight. In addition, lipoprotein lipase levels were reduced by 35% in adipose tissue (P = .006). In aged ApoD-KO mice, hypertriglyceridemia was not associated with changes in food intake or body weight, whereas hepatic triglyceride levels were reduced by 35% (P = .02). Furthermore, nonfasting plasma insulin levels were elevated by 2-fold in young (P = .016) and aged (P = .004) ApoD-KO mice, without changes in blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, β-cell mass, or islet number. These findings underscore the importance of ApoD in the regulation of plasma insulin levels and triglyceride metabolism, suggesting that ApoD plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia.