Abstract
Psychological stress due to social isolation is known to cause abnormal feeding behaviors, but the influences of gender and aging on subchronic stress-induced changes in feeding behaviors are unknown. Thus, we examined the changes in body weight, food intake, and orexigenic ghrelin-related factors during 2 weeks of isolation stress in young and aged mice. Food intake increased significantly in young mice in the isolation group compared with the group-housed control throughout the experimental period. This isolation-induced increase in food intake was not observed in aged mice. In young mice, there were no significant differences in body weight between the isolated group and group-housed control up to 2 weeks. However, aged male mice exhibited significant weight loss at 2 weeks and a similar tendency was observed in aged female mice. Young male mice, but not female mice, had significantly increased (2.2-fold) plasma acylated ghrelin levels after 1 week of isolation compared with the group-housed control. A significant but lower increase (1.3-fold) was also observed in aged male mice. Hypothalamic preproghrelin gene expression decreased significantly with isolation in young male mice, whereas it increased significantly in female mice. The expression levels of NPY and AGRP in the hypothalamus, which are transmitted by elevated peripheral ghrelin signals, increased significantly in isolated young male mice, whereas the AGRP expression levels decreased significantly in young female mice. Isolation caused no significant differences in the expression levels of these genes in aged mice. In isolation, young female mice exhibited markedly increased dark- and light-phase locomotor activities compared with male mice, whereas male and female aged mice exhibited no obvious increases in activity immediately after the dark phase started. We conclude that the gender-specific homeostatic regulatory mechanisms required to maintain body weight operated during subchronic psychological stress in young mice but not in aged mice.
Highlights
In addition to psychological reactions such as depression and anxiety, stress triggers various physiological reactions including an increase in respiration and blood pressure
In contrast to the negative impact of acute stress on feeding and ghrelin kinetics, the food intake and peripheral ghrelin levels were shown to increase in chronic stress models such as water immersion [11] and social defeat [5, 12, 13]
There were no significant differences in body weight (Fig 2A and 2B) or increases in body weight (Fig 2E and 2F) between the isolated group and group-housed control during 2 weeks of isolation
Summary
In addition to psychological reactions such as depression and anxiety, stress triggers various physiological reactions including an increase in respiration and blood pressure. In contrast to the negative impact of acute stress on feeding and ghrelin kinetics, the food intake and peripheral ghrelin levels were shown to increase in chronic stress models such as water immersion [11] and social defeat [5, 12, 13]. These findings indicate that increased ghrelin signaling plays a critical role in the overeating caused by chronic stress
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