Abstract
2D and 3D particle in cell simulations of the interaction of ultra-short, high-intensity laser pulses with inhomogeneous plasmas show the formation of long-lived electromagnetic solitons. These solitons consist of electron density depressions and intense electromagnetic field concentrations with a bigger amplitude and a lower frequency than those of the laser pulse. A significant portion of the electromagnetic energy is trapped in the form of solitons. Due to the plasma inhomogeneity, the solitons propagate toward the plasma–vacuum interface where they radiate away their energy in the form of bursts of low frequency electromagnetic radiation.
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