Generated Immune Responses and Antibody-Mediated Immunity Against Corona Virus Disease-19: An Updated Review

Faezeh Malekzadeh,Ali Salimi Asl,Shaghayegh Kermaninezhad,Mohammad Ali Vahidipour,Amin Reza Nikpoor

doi:10.34172/ddj.2020.07

Faezeh Malekzadeh, Ali Salimi Asl + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2020.07

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new pathogen which has become an uncontrollable pandemic. On the other hand, the humoral immune system, as a defensive line, protects the body by producing antibodies. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) are considered as the most important antibodies that are produced by the immune system of the host. Previous evaluations on the production of IgM and IgG antibodies by patients suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection specifies that IgM is an acute phase antibody and increases on the first days of infection. Then, as the chronic phase begins, the level of the IgM decreases and switches to the production of IgG. In addition, the durability of the IgG antibody shows the duration of the immunity against COVID-19. Thus, the present review article focused on the antibody production mechanism in studies conducted on COVID-19 patients, the protection role of antibodies, and their stability.

Highlights

The novel coronavirus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which belongs to the beta-coronavirus genus of zoonotic origin as a common disease of humans and animals and has begun in Wuhan, China, has led to a widespread epidemic worldwide
According to data from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies, this study aimed to fill the knowledge gap in the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may contribute to identifying individuals with suspected COVID-19 to control the prevalence of the disease and Malekzadeh et al design an appropriate immunological intervention for the treatment, diagnosis, and development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19
In another study on COVID-19 patients, in which the course of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulins G (IgG) positivity was investigated over 5 weeks, the results demonstrated that all patients tested for antibodies had symptoms after 2 weeks except for 2 patients

Summary

Introduction

The novel coronavirus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which belongs to the beta-coronavirus genus of zoonotic origin as a common disease of humans and animals and has begun in Wuhan, China, has led to a widespread epidemic worldwide. Antibodies will likely remain positive when patients test negative for the virus, leading to immunity against re-infection and the development of a vaccine for dealing with the virus. A strong humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the severity of the disease because evidence suggests that a strong IgG response contributes to killing the virus and may cause tissue damage due to strong immunity [25].

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