Generalized Einstein relations and conditions for anomalous relaxation.

Abstract

The generalized Einstein relation (GER) for nonergodic processes is investigated within the framework of the generalized Langevin equation. The conditions for anomalous relaxation such as long-tail decay and non-vanishing velocity autocorrelation function (VAF) are proposed and distinguished. For the stationary nonergodic process, if the initial preparation of the particle velocity is non-thermal, an asymptotic GER occurs in a departure from the usual result. It is shown that the GER holding is a necessary condition rather than a full condition for the system being close to equilibrium. For the nonergodic process of the second type due to cutoff of high frequencies, the VAF oscillates with time, the GER holds but the equilibrium fails in the long-time limit. Applications to some practical examples confirm the present theoretical findings.