General Theory of Verniers

Abstract

We have seen the connection between the general theory of verniers and the indeterminate equation of the form pn − qm = r; the equation pn + qm = r might be illustrated in much the same way. But, taking the case originally considered, we observe that it is the same question as before, from a different point of view, if instead of starting with an interval AB between divisions of two contiguous scales, and asking how far we must go to reach a coincidence, we suppose the zeros of two scales to coincide and ask how far we have to go to reach a certain interval, between divisions of the two. The question only differs in so far as it suggests the simultaneous consideration of more than one such interval. But further if, instead of repeated divisions of each kind, we take a circle whose entire circumference = one of the larger divisions, a say, and from a fixed point A on the circumference measure off continually arcs = to the smaller division 6, (figs. 5, 6), the question how far we have to go to reach a certain approximation to the starting point is the same thing in another form, although the arrangement brings to light many new relations, which in their turn throw light on the result. We have the subdivisions of the different a-intervals superposed as it were upon one a-interval, and the circle is thus continually divided into more and more parts until (if a and b are commensurable) exact coincidence with the starting point is reached.