Abstract
This chapter states the physics and fundamental concepts related to different types of field effect transistors. The necessities and various strategies related to scaling are explained. A detailed description of the origin and impact of various short-channel effects associated with downscaling and their influence on the normal operation of MOS transistors are described. The different technical solutions presented to resolve the problems caused by short-channel effects are discussed. Finally, the structures and advantages of non-classical devices and their feasibility in the settling of the short-channel effects are described.
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