Abstract
Distributed generators (DGs) have emerged as an advanced technology for satisfying growing energy demands and significantly mitigating the pollution caused by emissions. Microgrids (MGs) are attractive energy systems because they offer the reliable integration of DGs into the utility grid. An MG-based approach uses a self-sustained system that can operate in a grid-tied mode under normal conditions, as well as in an islanded mode when grid disturbance occurs. Islanding detection is essential; islanding may injure utility operators and disturb electricity generation and supply because of unsynchronized re-closure. In MGs, an energy management system (EMS) is essential for the optimal use of DGs in intelligent, sustainable, reliable, and integrated ways. In this comprehensive review, the classification of different operating modes of MGs, islanding detection techniques (IDTs), and EMSs are presented and discussed. This review shows that the existing IDTs and EMSs can be used when operating MGs. However, further development of IDTs and EMSs is still required to achieve more reliable operation and cost-effective energy management of MGs in the future. This review also highlights various MG challenges and recommendations for the operation of MGs, which will enhance the cost, efficiency, and reliability of MG operation for next-generation smart grid applications.
Highlights
To meet increasing energy demands, most governments and policymakers are searching for alternative energy sources because of growing environmental concerns, the continuous depletion of fossil fuels, and the high cost of traditional energy sources
Unplanned islanding is an undesirable situation caused by problems such as equipment failure, line-tripping, and human errors, with MGs being detached from the utility grid (UG)
The most common intelligent islanding detection techniques (IDTs) that are combined with signalprocessing approaches include artificial neural networks (ANNs), probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), decision trees (DTs), support vector machines (SVMs), and fuzzy logics (FLs)
Summary
To meet increasing energy demands, most governments and policymakers are searching for alternative energy sources because of growing environmental concerns, the continuous depletion of fossil fuels, and the high cost of traditional energy sources. Once the MG is detached from the utility grid (UG), the controller can maintain a stable voltage and frequency to transfer sustainable energy to consumers. To focus on the classification and modes of operation of MGs; To understand various methods of MG islanding-state detection; To include the maximum number of approaches for implementing MG EMS. The references were retrieved based on whether the keywords reflected our research objectives; the final research database comprised 173 references from among 808 research articles (Figure 2) over a 20-year timespan (2002–2021), based on the relevance of the research objectives Among these 173 references, 88% were from peer-reviewed journal articles, 8% were conference proceedings, and 4% were books and websites. Journal details, such as the publication year, journal impact, and reliability of the reported results/data, were considered while choosing the research papers
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