General analyses of infinite impulse microwave photonic filters with an intensity modulator in an opto–electronic feedback loop

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Designs of coherence-free microwave photonic filters with infinite impulse response (IIR) are presented. They are based on an electrical–optical modulator or electrical-absorption modulator with an opto–electronic feedback loop. General theoretical analyses for those configurations are obtained. When an electrical–optical intensity modulator is used for the IIR filter, the stopband of the filter can be switched to passband and vice versa. Measured results match closely with the theoretical expressions and demonstrate more than 30 dB rejection ratio and high frequency selectivity.