Gene structure, regulatory control, and evolution of black widow venom latrotoxins

Abstract

Black widow venom contains α-latrotoxin, infamous for causing intense pain. Combining 33kb of Latrodectus hesperus genomic DNA with RNA-Seq, we characterized the α-latrotoxin gene and discovered a paralog, 4.5kb downstream. Both paralogs exhibit venom gland specific transcription, and may be regulated post-transcriptionally via musashi-like proteins. A 4kb intron interrupts the α-latrotoxin coding sequence, while a 10kb intron in the 3′ UTR of the paralog may cause non-sense-mediated decay. Phylogenetic analysis confirms these divergent latrotoxins diversified through recent tandem gene duplications. Thus, latrotoxin genes have more complex structures, regulatory controls, and sequence diversity than previously proposed.