Abstract
BackgroundLysozymes are important model enzymes in biomedical research with a ubiquitous taxonomic distribution ranging from phages up to plants and animals. Their main function appears to be defence against pathogens, although some of them have also been implicated in digestion. Whereas most organisms have only few lysozyme genes, nematodes of the genus Caenorhabditis possess a surprisingly large repertoire of up to 15 genes.ResultsWe used phylogenetic inference and sequence analysis tools to assess the evolution of lysozymes from three congeneric nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, C. briggsae, and C. remanei. Their lysozymes fall into three distinct clades, one belonging to the invertebrate-type and the other two to the protist-type lysozymes. Their diversification is characterised by (i) ancestral gene duplications preceding species separation followed by maintenance of genes, (ii) ancestral duplications followed by gene loss in some of the species, and (iii) recent duplications after divergence of species. Both ancestral and recent gene duplications are associated in several cases with signatures of adaptive sequence evolution, indicating that diversifying selection contributed to lysozyme differentiation. Current data strongly suggests that genetic diversity translates into functional diversity.ConclusionGene duplications are a major source of evolutionary innovation. Our analysis provides an evolutionary framework for understanding the diversification of lysozymes through gene duplication and subsequent differentiation. This information is expected to be of major value in future analysis of lysozyme function and in studies of the dynamics of evolution by gene duplication.
Highlights
Lysozymes are important model enzymes in biomedical research with a ubiquitous taxonomic distribution ranging from phages up to plants and animals
Our analysis provides an evolutionary framework for understanding the diversification of lysozymes through gene duplication and subsequent differentiation
This information is expected to be of major value in future analysis of lysozyme function and in studies of the dynamics of evolution by gene duplication
Summary
Lysozymes are important model enzymes in biomedical research with a ubiquitous taxonomic distribution ranging from phages up to plants and animals Their main function appears to be defence against pathogens, some of them have been implicated in digestion. Whereas most organisms have only few lysozyme genes, nematodes of the genus Caenorhabditis possess a surprisingly large repertoire of up to 15 genes Since their discovery by Ian Fleming, lysozymes have become an important model system in molecular biology, biochemistry, and structural biology with major biomedical importance [1]. They are ubiquitous enzymes known from almost all groups of organisms including phages, bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants [2,3,4,5,6,7]. This function is found in vertebrate and insect taxa, which obtain nutrition from microorganisms involved in decomposing organic matter, e.g. the vertebrate foregut fermenters like ruminant artiodactyls, leaf-eating monkeys, the bird hoatzin, and the Drosophila and Musca flies [5,9,10,11]
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