Gender gap in life expectancy in Europe and the United Kingdom in 2019

Abstract

Abstract Background Life expectancy (LE) is an important metric for overall population health and well-being. The gender gap in LE can be used as a population health metric to capture progress and monitor health inequality in a specific setting. Health inequality is an expression of universal health care coverage and unequal access to health care and the quality of health care - otherwise known as ‘amenable’ mortality. Methods The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study- a comprehensive global epidemiologic database has developed and validated two population health metrics across 200+ countries- the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Index (0-100) and the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index (0-100) to monitor progress in these two specific domains for each country. We set out to examine the association of gender gap in LE with UHC and HAQ indices across 27 EU countries and the UK combined for year 2019 employing correlation and linear regression analyses. Results Overall, LE ranged from 73.3 years in Bulgaria to 83.1 years in Italy; UHC index was worst in Bulgaria (62.6), while Luxembourg (91.5) was the best performing nation; HAQ index had the highest score in the Netherlands (91.1), while Bulgaria had the lowest score (64.9). Lithuania had the largest gender gap in LE (9.2 years; M:71.5; F: 80.7), while the Netherlands had the narrowest gender gap (3.4 years; M:80.0; F: 83.4). On multivariable linear regression, gender gaps in LE were significantly associated with both HAQ (beta: -0.17; R2=0.66), and UHC (beta: -0.14; R2=0.52) across 27 EU countries and the UK combined. Conclusions Gender gap in LE can be a proxy measure to monitor progress in health inequality in terms of universal health care coverage, as well as health care access and quality of health care for a specific population setting. The findings suggest that gender gap in LE can be significantly reduced through expansion of universal health care and improving both access and quality of health care in the EU. Key messages • Gender gap in life expectancy can be a good proxy to monitor progress in health inequality for EU countries and the UK combined, which has 5.5 years of gender gap in life expectancy on average in 2019. • A 10% increase in both universal health care coverage and health care access and quality, can reduce gender gap in life expectancy by 1.4 and 1.7 years, respectively, across EU and the UK combined.