Gender differences in entrepreneurship studies

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in entrepreneurial competencies and self-efficacy among middle school students in an entrepreneurship program. Research shows entrepreneurship is perceived as a male domain, yet girls exhibit strengths in skills like collaboration, creativity, and practical planning that predict entrepreneurial success. However, lower self-efficacy among girls undermines entrepreneurial interest despite proficiencies. Assessing multidimensional competencies beyond narrow metrics reveals overlooked potential in girls.<br /> This study evaluates teamwork, innovation, marketing, feasibility, and impact skills. It also measures entrepreneurial self-efficacy pre-post program. Results show girls outperformed boys consistently across competencies, but boys had higher self-efficacy gains. This highlights the need to build broader skill sets and address biases that restrict girls from developing entrepreneurial self-concepts despite genuine capabilities. Fostering gender-inclusive learning and diverse role models can help girls translate competencies into greater self-efficacy. Providing equal skill-building opportunities and assessments capturing the full spectrum of entrepreneurial strengths is critical to tap the potential of both genders and achieve a gender-balanced entrepreneurial learning.