Abstract
Geminiviruses are circular single-stranded DNA plant viruses encapsidated into geminate virion particles, which infect many crops and vegetables and, hence, represent significant agricultural constraints worldwide. To maintain their broad-range host spectrum and establish productive infection, the geminiviruses must circumvent a potent plant antiviral immune system, which consists of a multilayered perception system represented by RNA interference sensors and effectors, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and resistance (R) proteins. This recognition system leads to the activation of conserved defense responses that protect plants against different co-existing viral and nonviral pathogens in nature. Furthermore, a specific antiviral cell surface receptor signaling is activated at the onset of geminivirus infection to suppress global translation. This review highlighted these layers of virus perception and host defenses and the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome the plant antiviral immunity mechanisms.
Highlights
The broad-range host spectrum of the viruses from the Geminiviridae family may be associated with the large capacity of geminiviruses to overcome the multilayered antiviral immune system of the plant cell, which is broadly divided into RNA interference (RNAi), pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI)
This review focuses on RNA silencing and the antiviral innate immunity mechanisms that plants deploy to fight viruses and the strategy that geminiviruses evolved to overcome these defense barriers
post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) acts at the post-transcriptional level by directing messenger RNAs (mRNAs) targets to degradation or translational suppression
Summary
Geminiviruses are circular single-stranded DNA viruses grouped into one of the largest and most successful families of plant viruses (Geminiviridae family) [1]. The broad-range host spectrum of the viruses from the Geminiviridae family may be associated with the large capacity of geminiviruses to overcome the multilayered antiviral immune system of the plant cell, which is broadly divided into RNA interference (RNAi), pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Microorganisms 2021, 9, 775 plant viruses [11,12] These multilayered immune defenses are activated and suppressed by viral components or effectors, functioning as virulence factors in susceptible genotypes and as avirulence (Avr) factors in resistant genotypes. This review focuses on RNA silencing and the antiviral innate immunity mechanisms that plants deploy to fight viruses and the strategy that geminiviruses evolved to overcome these defense barriers. For in-depth information on this topic, the reader is referred to a recent review in the molecular interplay between hormones and geminiviruses [18]
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