Abstract
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the human microbial community and in maintaining the health of an individual. Imbalances in the oral microbiome may contribute to oral and systemic diseases. The progression of periodontal disease is closely related to the growth of bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the oral cavity. However, the pathogen growth mechanism specific to periodontal disease remains unknown. This study aimed to identify bacteria associated with periodontal health by focusing on hemolytic bacteria. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from ten periodontitis patients and five healthy subjects to detect and identify the presence of hemolytic bacteria. The saliva of healthy subjects contained a higher proportion of G. haemolysans than saliva samples from patients with periodontitis. Growth inhibition assays indicated that the protein components contained in the culture supernatant of G. haemolysans directly suppressed the growth of P. gingivalis. This study shows that the presence of G. haemolysans in saliva is associated with periodontal health and that it inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis in vitro.
Highlights
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the human microbial community and in maintaining the health of an individual
Research with oral plaque has shown that G. haemolysans levels increase after therapy for periodontal disease[40], which is consistent with the high proportion of G. haemolysans in saliva samples from healthy subjects in our study
The effect of a decrease in pH in the P. gingivalis growth inhibition assay was resolved by changing the buffer using a dialysis membrane, and nutrient competition was ruled out by using an extracellular fraction without live bacteria (Fig. 5b). These results clearly showed that the components of G. haemolysans in the culture supernatant inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis
Summary
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the human microbial community and in maintaining the health of an individual. This study shows that the presence of G. haemolysans in saliva is associated with periodontal health and that it inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis in vitro. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes dental plaque in the oral cavity and is one of the major pathogens directly responsible for the development of chronic periodontitis in humans[13]. Several virulence factors such as cysteine protease (Rgp and Kgp)[14,15], fimbriae (FimA and Mfa1)[16,17], lipopolysaccharide (LPS)[18,19] and the capsule[20,21] influence the activities of this bacterium. Outside of the oral cavity, this species is associated with opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and causes infectious e ndocarditis[43,44]
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