Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a family of enabling technologies that can be used to manufacture human organs with predefined hierarchical structures, material constituents and physiological functions. The main objective of these technologies is to produce high-throughput and/or customized organ substitutes (or bioartificial organs) with heterogeneous cell types or stem cells along with other biomaterials that are able to repair, replace or restore the defect/failure counterparts. Gelatin-based hydrogels, such as gelatin/fibrinogen, gelatin/hyaluronan and gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen, have unique features in organ 3D bioprinting technologies. This article is an overview of the intrinsic/extrinsic properties of the gelatin-based hydrogels in organ 3D bioprinting areas with advanced technologies, theories and principles. The state of the art of the physical/chemical crosslinking methods of the gelatin-based hydrogels being used to overcome the weak mechanical properties is highlighted. A multicellular model made from adipose-derived stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the predefined 3D constructs is emphasized. Multi-nozzle extrusion-based organ 3D bioprinting technologies have the distinguished potential to eventually manufacture implantable bioartificial organs for purposes such as customized organ restoration, high-throughput drug screening and metabolic syndrome model establishment.
Highlights
In the human body, an organ is a collection of tissues that unite as a structural entity to serve one or several common functions [1]
Among all the 3D bioprinting technologies, multi-nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has become a powerful tool for manufacturing large scale-up vascularized organs with hierarchical internal/external structures, gradient material constituents and multiple physiological functions, which have the potential to be widely used in many biomedical areas, such as, the scale-up and customized organ regenerative medicine, high throughput drug screening and energy metabolic syndrome analysis [36,37,38,39,40]
The results indicated that drugs known to have effects on metabolic syndrome (MS) were shown to have an accordant effect in this model
Summary
An organ is a collection of tissues that unite as a structural entity to serve one or several common functions [1]. Allograft organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one individual to another (i.e., the recipient or patient), to replace a damaged/missing (i.e., defect/failure) organ [3] This is one of the major breakthroughs in modern surgery. Gelatin-based hydrogels, such as gelatin, gelatin/alginate, gelatin/chitosan, gelatin/hyaluronan, gelatin/fibrinogen, gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen, and gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/hyaluronan, have unique features, such as excellent biocompatibilities, rapid biodegradabilities and nonimmunogenicities, in clinical applications These hydrogels have acted as the extracellular matrices (ECMs) in organ 3D bioprinting technologies and played a critical role in various pre-defined physical (i.e., structural and morphological), chemical, and biological functionality realization [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Among all the 3D bioprinting technologies, multi-nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has become a powerful tool for manufacturing large scale-up vascularized organs with hierarchical internal/external structures, gradient material constituents (or components) and multiple physiological functions, which have the potential to be widely used in many biomedical areas, such as, the scale-up and customized organ regenerative medicine, high throughput drug screening and energy metabolic syndrome analysis [36,37,38,39,40]
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