Abstract
Enhancing the stability of biomass and ensuring a stable activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria are crucial for successful operation of the simultaneous partial nitrification, Anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) process. In this study, gel beads of polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid (PVA/PA) and polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid/Fe (PVA/PA/Fe) were prepared as innovative bio-carriers. Theoretical simulations and analyses revealed that these carriers are predominantly connected via hydrogen and borate bonds, with PVA/PA/Fe also featuring metal coordination bonds. The total nitrogen removal efficiency of reactors with PVA/PA/Fe and PVA/PA increased by 13.5 % and 9.0 %, respectively, compared to reactor without carriers. The iron-enriched PVA/PA/Fe carriers significantly improve SNAD by promoting Anammox, Feammox, and nitrate-dependent Fe2+ oxidation reactions, leading to faster nitrogen conversion and higher nitrogen removal rate than reactor without carriers and with PVA/PA. Using of PVA/PA and PVA/PA/Fe gel beads as bio-carriers offers benefits to the SNAD process, including cost-effective and low carbon requirement.
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