Abstract
Background: In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of sinapic acid (SA) in terms of the mechanism underlying its gastroprotective action against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methods: These effects were examined through gross macroscopic evaluation of the stomach cavity [gastric ulcer index (GUI)], alteration in pH, gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity, total gastric wall mucus, and changes in PGE2. In addition, we evaluated lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), antioxidant systems (catalase and glutathione), inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and myeloperoxidase (MPO)], apoptotic markers (caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2), nuclear factor-κB [NF-κB (p65)], NO levels, and histopathological staining (H and E and PAS). Results: In rats with ethanol-induced ulcers, pre-treatment with SA (40 mg/kg p. o.) decreased the sternness of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries by decreasing the GUI, gastric juice volume, free acidity, and total acidity. In addition, the pH and total gastric mucosa were increased, together with histopathological alteration, neutrophil incursion, and increases in PGE2 and NO2. These effects were similar to those observed for omeprazole, a standard anti-ulcer drug. SA was shown to suppress gastric inflammation through decreasing TNF-α, IL-6, and MPO, as well as curbing gastric oxidative stress through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and restoration of depleted glutathione and catalase activity. SA inhibited Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3 activity, and restored the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2; these findings indicate the antiapoptotic potential of SA, leading to enhanced cell survival. SA also repressed NF-κB signaling and increased IκBα. Moreover, SA upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thereby restoring depleted antioxidant defense enzymes and implicating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Conclusion: These results suggest that the prophylactic administration of SA (40 mg/kg) can ameliorate ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats primarily via the modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling and subsequent enhancement of cell viability.
Highlights
Gastric ulcers (GUs) and duodenal ulcers (DUs) are common human gastric intestinal illnesses with a high morbidity of approximately 5–10% over a lifetime, and represent leading health issues (Lanas and Chan, 2017)
The gastric ulcer index (GUI) of the omeprazole (20 mg/kg) and sinapic acid (SA) (40 mg/kg) groups was 72.90 ± 4.08% and 50.32 ± 4.32% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared with the Et-OHtreated group. These results demonstrate that omeprazole and SA offer significant protection against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration
The GUI and gastric percentage index of ethanolinduced ulcers (GPI) were analyzed as nonparametric data represented as box plots, and a Kruskal−Wallis analysis of variance was performed to compare the groups
Summary
Gastric ulcers (GUs) and duodenal ulcers (DUs) are common human gastric intestinal illnesses with a high morbidity of approximately 5–10% over a lifetime, and represent leading health issues (Lanas and Chan, 2017). The accumulation of ROS/RNS oxidizes lipids and proteins; mucosal barriers enhance the gut permeability, stimulate macrophages, and increase inflammatory cytokine release (TNFα and IL-6) and NF-kB signaling, leading to ulcerative gastritis. It has been demonstrated that Nrf suppresses NF-κB, reducing proinflammatory cytokine signaling and activating NRF2 and HO-1 These molecules and pathways exhibited a protective role against gastric ulceration induced by ethanol and other insults. Ethanol promotes hypersecretion of gastric acid, proinflammatory cytokines, and ROS/RNS, which together function to induce apoptosis and suppress the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (Laloo et al, 2013; Antonisamy et al, 2014; Albaayit et al, 2016). We evaluated the therapeutic potential of sinapic acid (SA) in terms of the mechanism underlying its gastroprotective action against ethanolinduced gastric ulcers in rats
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
