Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in the Middle East (2000−2023): A literature review

Abstract

Background/objectiveParasites in stray cats hold significant zoonotic importance, posing a potential threat to public health. This study, therefore, has practical implications as it aims to investigate the prevalence of cat parasites in Middle Eastern countries. MethodsThe research process was rigorous and thorough, spanning from 2000 to 2023. Data collection and analysis were conducted utilizing multiple international and national databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Irandoc. This meticulous approach ensures the reliability and validity of the findings, providing a solid foundation for further research and preventive measures. Result250 articles were collected and read out of which 170 were comprehensively reviewed. Among these, 85 articles were from Iran, 25 from Türkiye, 20 from Iraq, 11 from Egypt, five from Qatar, three from Cyprus, three from Kuwait, and one each from the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine. Toxocara cati emerged as one of the most prevalent nematodes, exhibiting the highest prevalence in Iran, ranging from 8% to 90%, followed by Egypt, with a range of 8.23% to 58.7%. In comparison, the lowest prevalence was recorded in Qatar at 8%. Hydatigera taeniaeformis, a significant cestode, showed the highest prevalence in Qatar, with a range of 73.6% to 75.8%, while the lowest in Kuwait at 0.8%. In Iran, the prevalence ranged from 0.95% to 64.7%. Toxoplasma gondii, a vital protozoan, showcased the highest prevalence in Lebanon at 78.1% and the lowest in the UAE at 0.8%. In Iran, the prevalence ranged between 1.2% and 90%. Additionally, noteworthy patterns regarding the distribution and potential risk factors associated with these parasites were observed. While gender variations were insignificant, environmental conditions such as high humidity and absence of sunlight exposure, along with the age and behavior of cats, emerged as among the most crucial risk factors associated with the prevalence of these parasites. ConclusionThe prevalence of parasites among stray cats in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries remains notably high. This emphasizes the urgent need for a series of control and preventive measures. Implementing effective anti-parasitic strategies and emphasizing the development of multiple diagnostic methods are essential.