Abstract
Simple SummaryDespite evidence of a minor role of gastrointestinal parasites in causing disease in owned pet populations prophylactically treated with anthelmintics, gastrointestinal parasitism remains an important consideration in the care of animals in shelters, and in owned pet populations in developing countries, where regular prophylactic treatment is lacking. In addition, the zoonotic potential of many organisms is a universal public health concern. Animal shelters facilitate spread of gastrointestinal parasites to incoming animals and shelter staff if there is overcrowding and frequent exposure to a contaminated environment. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. In this review, we report the prevalence of parasites in shelter dogs worldwide, and review parasite control strategies for use in shelters. We also discuss whether the shelter environment might magnify risks for development of parasiticide resistance in resident parasite populations. We recommend an integrated parasite control approach based on sanitation measures to reduce environmental contamination and accompanied with appropriate use of anthelmintics in shelter dogs. Ideally, every animal should be treated after fecal examination for parasites during its stay in the shelter, although it is recognized that for many shelters, the resources to do this might be prohibitive.Dogs entering shelters can carry gastrointestinal parasites that may pose serious risks to other animals, shelter staff and visitors. Shelters provide an environment that could facilitate the spread of parasitic infections between animals. Nematodes and protozoa that transmit through ingestion or skin penetration are major enteric parasites of concern in shelter settings. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Dipylidium caninum are the major helminths while Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. are the most prevalent protozoan parasites in shelter dogs. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. A range of cost-effective drugs is available for prevention and control of helminths in shelters, notably fenbendazole, pyrantel, oxantel, and praziquantel. Parasiticide options for protozoan parasites are often cost-prohibitive or limited by a lack of veterinary registration for use in dogs. Environmental control measures reliant upon hygiene and facility management are therefore a mainstay for control and prevention of protozoan parasites in shelters. This philosophy should also extend to helminth control, as integrated parasite control strategies can allow anthelmintics to be used more sparingly and judiciously. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites most commonly found in dogs in shelters, canvass recommended treatment programs in shelter dogs, and to explore the likelihood that parasiticide resistance might emerge in a shelter environment.
Highlights
The major goal of animal shelters is to provide a temporary home for stray, lost or owner surrendered animals, until they can be reclaimed by the owner or rehomed [1].Shelter animals face various stressors, including overcrowding or isolation, unaccustomed environment and noise, limited physical activity and changed diet [2]
As intakes are higher from lower socioeconomic areas [5], it is highly likely that incoming dogs may have had less than optimum parasite control [6]
Giardia can be diagnosed by fecal flotation method [69] but molecular techniques including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA [31], polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [68,69] and SNAP Giardia test [67] are more sensitive and are recommended
Summary
Shelter animals face various stressors, including overcrowding or isolation, unaccustomed environment and noise, limited physical activity and changed diet [2] Due to these stress factors, and the combination of daily admissions of dogs from diverse origins, and the difficulty of preventing environmental contamination with infectious parasitic developmental stages, shelters provide favorable conditions for the establishment and spread of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections. This is for those infections transmitted by direct contact or ingestion of contaminated food, water or soil, and from licking contaminated surfaces [3]. Some of the enteric parasites of pet dogs and cats can affect humans through contamination of the environment by infectious larvae and eggs and through close contact with animals, a large number of owners are unaware of this unseen risk to public health [7,8]
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