Gas sorption in poly(lactic acid) and packaging materials

Carbon dioxide, ethylene and water vapor sorption in poly(lactic acid)

Solubilities of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in polystyrene under high temperature and pressure

In the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas, the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide are important factors that determine the efficiency of the process, because an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility and diffusivity into oil leads to an increase in oil recovery. It is shown by experimental studies that the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil are governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. The solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into Aberfeldy heavy oil were measured, using impure carbon dioxide gas containing nitrogen as the main contaminant gas. It was noted that increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the carbon dioxide stream decreased the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide in oil, consequently leading to a reduction in the swelling of the oil by carbon dioxide. Displacement experiments were also conducted to observe the effect of using impure carbon dioxide in place of pure carbon dioxide in the immiscible displacement WAG process. It was noted that the presence of nitrogen in carbon dioxide adversely affected oil recovery by the process and that increasing the nitrogen concentration up to 30 mole% could result in 10% loss in oil recovery. Introduction The solubility of carbon dioxide is the most important effect in the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas since it was found by Rojas(1) that among other mechanisms, an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility in oil leads to an increase in oil recovery. This is true because the solubility of carbon dioxide greatly reduces the viscosity of the oil and promotes the swelling of the oil. Viscosity reduction and swelling of the oil lower the water-oil mobility ratio, consequently leading to an increased oil recovery. Early work in 1926 by Beecher and Parkhurst(2) showed that carbon dioxide was more soluble on a molar basis in a 30.2 °API oil than air and natural gas. Svreck and Mehrota's data(3) for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen showed that and Mehrotra's data(3), carbon dioxide is the most soluble and nitrogen the least soluble in bitumen. The solubility of carbon dioxide in oil is governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. Miller and Jones(4) and Chung, Jones, and Nguyen(5) measured the solubility of carbon dioxide in Canyon and Wilmington heavy oils and found that the solubility of carbon dioxide in heavy crude oils increased with pressure but decreased with temperature and reduced API gravity. Briggs and Puttagunta(6) reported sets of data for carbon dioxide solubility in Aberfeldy oil and swelling of oil at 20.6 °C. Their data showed that both carbon dioxide solubility and oil swelling increased when pressure increased. Later, Sayegh and Sarbar(7) established that carbon dioxide is more soluble in oil at lower temperatures than at higher ones.

Effect of Nitrogen On the Solubility And Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide Into Oil And Oil Recovery By the Immiscible WAG Process T.A. Nguyen; T.A. Nguyen Petroleum Recovery Institute Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar S.M. Farouq Ali S.M. Farouq Ali Petroleum Recovery Institute Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the Annual Technical Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, June 1995. Paper Number: PETSOC-95-64 https://doi.org/10.2118/95-64 Published: June 06 1995 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Get Permissions Search Site Citation Nguyen, T.A., and S.M. Farouq Ali. "Effect of Nitrogen On the Solubility And Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide Into Oil And Oil Recovery By the Immiscible WAG Process." Paper presented at the Annual Technical Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, June 1995. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/95-64 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsPetroleum Society of CanadaPETSOC Annual Technical Meeting Search Advanced Search AbstractIn the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas, the solution and diffusion of carbon dioxide are important factors that determine the efficiency of the process, since an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility and diffusivity into oil leads to an increase in oil recovery because the oil phase left behind contains more carbon dioxide and less oil. It is shown by experimental studies that the solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil are governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature I composition of the oil and purity of the gas. The solubility and diffusivity of carbon dioxide into Aberfeldy heavy oil were measured, using impure carbon dioxide gas containing nitrogen as the main ontaminant gas. It was noted that increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the carbon dioxide stream ecreased the solubility and. diffusivity of carbon dioxide into oil, consequently leading to a reduction in the swelling oil of by carbon dioxide.Displacement experiments were also conducted to observe the effect of using impure carbon dioxide in place of pure carbon dioxide in the immiscible displacement WAG process. It was noted that the presence of nitrogen in carbon dioxide adversely affected oil recovery by the process and that increasing the nitrogen concentration up to 30 mole% could result in 10% loss in oil recovery.IntroductionThe solubility of carbon dioxide is the most important effect in the immiscible displacement of oil by carbon dioxide gas since it is theorized that among other mechanisms, an increase in the carbon dioxide solubility in oil leads to an increase in oil recovery because the oil phase left behind contains more carbon dioxide and less oil.Early work in 1926 by Beecher and Parkhurst1 showed that carbon dioxide was more soluble on a molar basis in a 30.2 °API oil than air and natural gas. Svreck and Mehrotra's data2 also showed that, among the three gases: carbon dioxide methane, and nitrogen, carbon dioxide is the most soluble and nitrogen the least soluble in bitumen.The solubility of carbon dioxide in oil is governed by the saturation pressure, reservoir temperature, composition of the oil and purity of the gas. Miller and Jones3 and Chung, Jones, and Nguyen4 measured the solubility of carbon dioxide n Canyon and Wilmington heavy oils and found that the solubility of carbon dioxide in heavy crude oils increased with pressure but decreased with temperature and reduced API gravity. Later, Sayegh and Sarbar5 established that carbon dioxide is more soluble in oil at lower temperatures than at higher ones. Patton, Coats, and Spence6, Holm and Josendal7, and Chung et al4 showed that the solubility of carbon dioxide reduced with me presence of methane in oil since carbon dioxide had to displace methane before dissolving in oil Holm and Josendal7 also mentioned that carbon dioxide did not displace all of the methane when it came into contact with oil. Spivak and Chima noted that the solubility of pure carbon dioxide in oil was higher than that of a carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixture. Keywords: upstream oil & gas, dioxide, petroleum society, experiment, oil recovery, pvt measurement, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide solubility, nitrogen, carbon dioride Subjects: Fluid Characterization, Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Phase behavior and PVT measurements This content is only available via PDF. 1995. Petroleum Society of Canada You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

The sorption of carbon dioxide in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was studied by quartz crystal microbalance at high pressures. To address the effect of the D isomer present in the polymer on the gas sorption, measurements were performed in PLA with two different L:D contents, 80:20 and 98:2. New data for the solubility of carbon dioxide in PLA 80:20 and PLA 98:2 over a temperature range from 303.2 to 323.2 K and up to 5 MPa are presented. The results obtained were correlated with the dual‐mode sorption model and the Flory‐Huggins equation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1010–1019, 2006

The solubilities of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon dioxide in thin films of crystalline oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the glassy state were studied by the static sorption method. High pressure sorption isotherms were obtained for carbon dioxide. Results indicate that, above a certain film thickness, solubilities of all gasses in the crystalline oriented polymer (Mylar) are virtually identical to those in the unoriented crystalline polymer. Solubility constants are correlated with gas force constants, ϵ□k, and the heats of sorption obtained for methane and carbon dioxide are nearly the same for both the oriented and unoriented films. The sorption isotherms obtained for carbon dioxide are nonlinear but may be well described by considering dual sorption modes. One of these, ordinary dissolution, is described by Henry's law, while the other, “hole filling,” is characterized by a Langmuir expression. Solubilities of carbon dioxide in the thinnest oriented films (1 mil) are markedly higher than in the unoriented film. Analysis of the sorption data indicates that both the hole saturation constant, and the hole affinity constant, are larger in the 1‐mil oriented film. The amorphous phase appears to be different also, exhibiting a larger capacity for dissolved gas. Different thermal history, relating to the manufacture of the film, is advanced as a possible explanation for increased solubility.

The sorption of carbon dioxide in glassy Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films was studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) at high pressures. Two thermal treatments, melted and quenched, were performed in PLA with two different L:D contents, 80:20 and 98:2, films and compared with a third thermal protocol, annealed, and used in a previous work. The results obtained show that for pressures higher than 2 MPa, the carbon dioxide solubility is larger in PLA 80:20 than in PLA 98:2, indicating that the L:D plays a dominant role on this property. The thermal treatments only affect the gas solubility in PLA 98:2. Sorption isotherms at temperatures 303, 313, and 323 K, below the glass transition temperature of the polymer, and pressures up to 5 MPa were measured and analyzed with three different models, the dual‐mode sorption model, the Flory–Huggins equation, and a modified dual‐mode sorption model where the Henry's law term was substituted by the Flory–Huggins equation. This last model performs especially well for CO2 in PLA 80:20, due to the convex upward curvature of the solubility isotherms for that system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 616–625, 2007

This work investigates the effect of the addition of a well‐known antioxidant, α‐tocopherol in poly (lactic acid) flexural and barrier properties. For that purpose, films of poly(lactic acid) enriched with 0, 2.2, and 4.4% of α‐tocopherol were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize the changes in the mechanical and thermal properties. The sorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the prepared enriched films of poly(lactic acid) was measured at different temperatures between 283 and 313 K and pressures up to atmospheric pressure using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Although no significant changes were found in the mechanical and thermal properties, the addition of α‐tocopherol promotes an increasing in the oxygen sorption and the convex shape of the isotherms indicate a strong interaction gas‐polymer. Regarding the sorption of carbon dioxide, no pronounced effect was found. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Stereocomplex poly(lactic acid) nanocoated chitosan microparticles for the sustained release of hydrophilic drugs

Dibenzyl toluene is a famous liquid organic hydrogen carrier and can be applied for energy storage regarding its reversible hydrogenation. In the present article, a complete explanation of a powerful particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm coupled with adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) strategy was utilized to account for the solubility of methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide based on temperature, pressure, and molecular weight of solute. Modeling results indicate that predicted values of solubility are in good agreement with extracted experimental datasets. Also, accuracy and robustness of ANFIS-PSO strategy used for the prediction of solubility of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are comprehensible from comparing modeling results with experimental measurements. Therefore, ANFIS strategy can be employed as an assistive lever for engineers in the biorefineries for the prediction of the solubility of coproduct of methane steam reforming. Moreover, results illustrate that trends of solubility of aforementioned component in dibenzyl toluene are carbon dioxide> methane> nitrogen.

It is important to evaluate the solubility of solid carbon dioxide in liquefied natural gas for natural gas liquefaction at relatively high temperature. The regular solution method and the equations-of-state (EOS) are used to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in saturated liquid methane in this paper. The calculation results are compared with the experiment data, and it certifies that the EOS method can be recommended for this kind of solubility calculation. In addition, nitrogen and ethane are common components in natural gas. In this paper, PR EOS is selected to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in CH4+N2 and CH4+C2H6 mixtures. Results show that the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid CH4+N2 mixtures increases with the addition of nitrogen content in the relatively low temperature region (lower than 155K). With the temperature increases, the solubility of carbon dioxide decreases with the increase of nitrogen content. While in liquid CH4+C2H6 mixtures, it increases with the increase of ethane content. liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen or LNG. In 1940, Fedorova calculated the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid oxygen and in liquid nitrogen according to ideal solution theory. At the same time, he did some experiments and found that the theoretical calculations are more than 100 times larger than the experimental values(7). In 1962, Davis et al performed a series of experiments on the methane-carbon dioxide system and got the solubility of carbon dioxide in methane at different temperatures(8). Most of these researchers are experts in the field of chemistry, who were focus on a variety of experimental methods of solubility determination. Li from Zhejiang University used the regular solution method and modified Scatchard-Hildebrand relation in her PhD thesis to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen, and obtained good results(9). As liquid methane is a cryogenic non-polar liquid similar with liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen, similar method has been imitated in the calculation of the solubility of carbon dioxide in the saturated liquid methane in this paper. Additionally, simple cubic equations-of-state has been widely used in non-polar fluid phase equilibria calculations. In 2006, ZareNezhad and Eggeman(10) used PR EOS to predict CO2 freezing points of hydrocarbon liquid and vapor mixtures at cryogenic conditions of gas plants. The overall average absolute relative deviation between the experimental and predicted CO2 freezing temperatures for this binary system is 0.26%. So EOS method is selected for the solid-liquid phase equilibria calculation in this paper.

Dyeing of recycled Poly(lactic acid) fibers from disposable packages flake with low energy consumption and effluent

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique has been applied to investigate the formation of titanium oxide thin films by the liquid-phase deposition (LPD) method. A linear relationship was observed between the thickness measured by the QCM technique and that measured by direct observation with a scanning electron microscope, indicating that it is possible to monitor the growth of thin films from aqueous solution systems by the LPD method with the QCM technique. The concentration effects of free F - , H 3 BO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 TiF 6 on the film deposition rate are discussed.

Solubility of carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and carbon monoxide in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate between temperatures 283 K and 343 K and at pressures close to atmospheric

Solubilities and diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene under high pressures and temperatures