Abstract
In this lecture I will present the operation principle and the different kinds of gas detecting systems for charged particles employed in high-energy and low-energy physics environments, with particular focus on the requirements of nuclear physics experiments with low-energy Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). I will show in more details an example of gas detector used at the RIB in-flight facility EXOTIC, for the ion beam tracking and for time of flight measurements. Finally, I will discuss the use of an active target in nuclear physics experiments with RIBs together with some key improvements of first generation devices required for facing the challenges of more intense RIBs.
Highlights
Gas detectors are planned or being constructed at every nuclear physics facility because they have some important advantages with respect to solid state devices for charged particle detection
They have: a) good stability, robustness and aging compared to solid state detectors; b) high radiation length; c) possibility to tune the effective thickness; d) low energy thresholds; e) three dimensional readout/flexible geometry; f) good space and moderate energy resolution; g) medium rates for particles
In case of diffusion of electron-ion pairs in electric field, when high voltage (HV) is applied to the electrodes of the detector, we have the superposition of thermal velocity and drift velocity of electrons/ions along the lines of the electric field
Summary
Gas detectors are planned or being constructed at every nuclear physics facility because they have some important advantages with respect to solid state devices for charged particle detection. The electron-ion pairs created from the passage of a particle drift in the volume while multiplication of the primary charge occurs only near the anode wire through an avalanche process. The basic configuration of a MWPC is two cathode planes and a wire anode in between It has many advantages: a very flexible geometry and a large detection area (≈ m2); possibility to work in magnetic field, with a rate capability ≈ 104 Hz/mm; gain ≈ 104-105; possibility to perform Particle IDentification (PID) through dE/dx measurement and many well developed position encoding methods: binary readout (identification of the closest anode wire to the avalanche), charge division by using resistive anode wires and analogue readout of the signals of a segmented cathode. For further reading relative to this section, the reader can refer to [4,5,6,7,8,9]
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