Gas chromatographic profiling analysis of urinary organic acids from nonsmokers and smokers

Abstract

A rapid profiling and screening procedure is described for the comparative analysis of urinary organic acids among the groups of nonsmokers and smokers. The procedure involves solid-phase extraction of organic acids using Chromosorb P in normal-phase partition mode, with subsequent single-step conversion to tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, followed by direct gas chromatographic (GC) analysis on dual-capillary columns. A total of forty-two organic acids were positively identified by retention index ( I) matching in urine samples (0.25 ml) from eleven nonsmokers and fifteen smokers studied. When the GC profiles were simplified to their corresponding organic acid I spectra in bar graphical form, characteristic patterns were obtained for each individual as well as for each average of nonsmoking and smoking groups. When stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on GC data after omitting hippuric acid, seven acids were selected as the variables most discriminating between smokers and nonsmokers. The star symbol plots drawn based on these discriminants were characteristic of each individual and group average, enabling to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. And canonical plot produced by canonical discriminant analysis using the same variables as the data vectors displayed two separate clusters representing each group.