Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is considered one of the key regulators of health. Accordingly, the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) is mediated by the skin and intestinal microbiome environment. In this study, while evaluating the aggravation in AD symptoms by the antibiotics cocktail (ABX)-induced depletion of the intestinal microbiome, we sought to verify the effect of Gardenia jasminoides (GJ), a medicinal herb used for inflammatory diseases, on AD regarding its role on the intestinal microbiome. To verify the aggravation in AD symptoms induced by the depletion of the intestinal microbiome, we established a novel mouse model by administrating an ABX to create a microbiome-free environment in the intestine, and then applied 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce an AD-like skin inflammatory response. While ABX treatment aggravated AD-like symptoms, the 2-week administration of GJ improved these pathological changes. DNCB application upregulated immune cell count and serum cytokine expression, which were alleviated by GJ. Moreover, pathological alterations by antibiotics and DNCB, including histological damage of the intestine and the intestinal expression of IL-17, were recovered in GJ-treated mice. The beneficial effect of GJ was due to the restoration of the intestinal microbiome composition. Overall, we suggest GJ as a potential therapeutic agent for AD due to its regulation of the intestinal microbiome.
Highlights
Introduction iationsThe intestinal microbiome is closely related to the balance between health and disease, including the onset of immune activation and the development of inflammation
The balance of the gut microbial community is an important component that plays a large role in health and disease [54,55]
Disintegration of the microflora can cause various diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammation, and cancer; the homeostasis of the microbial community is very important in tissues wherever microorganisms exist [56,57,58,59]
Summary
The intestinal microbiome is closely related to the balance between health and disease, including the onset of immune activation and the development of inflammation. This is because the composition of the host microbial community is involved in homeostasis [1]. The microbiome contributes to host health by colonizing the mucosal entry sites of pathogens, and regulates effective innate anti-viral immunity through the induction of the interferon (IFN)-λ and IL-18 or IL-22 pathways [2]. Communication among local microorganisms stimulates epithelial and immune cells to secrete IL-22, strengthening the epithelial barrier through interactions with mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages, which initiate antibacterial programs and activate neutrophils through.
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