Gametocyte sex ratio of a malaria parasite: response to experimental manipulation of parasite clonal diversity.

Abstract

Sex ratio theory posits that the adaptive proportion of male to female gametocytes of a malaria parasite within the vertebrate host depends on the degree of inbreeding within the vector. Gametocyte sex ratio could be phenotypically flexible, being altered based on the infection's clonal diversity, and thus likely inbreeding. This idea was tested by manipulating the clonal diversity of infections of Plasmodium mexicanum in its lizard host, Sceloporus occidentalis. Naive lizards were inoculated with infected blood from a single donor or 3 pooled donors. Donors varied in their gametocyte sex ratios (17-46%, male), and sex ratio theory allowed estimation of the clonal diversity within donor and recipient infections. Phenotypic plasticity would produce a correlation between donor and recipient infections for infections initiated from a single donor, and a less female-biased gametocyte sex ratio in recipients that received a mixed blood inoculum (with predicted higher clonal diversity) than recipients receiving blood from a single donor. Neither pattern was observed. Gametocyte sex ratio of most infections ranged from 35 to 42% male, expected if clonal diversity was high for all infections. Alternative explanations are suggested for the observed variation of gametocyte sex ratio among P. mexicanum infections.