Game and multi-objective optimization of configurations for multiple distributed energy systems considering building users’ demands and satisfaction degrees

Abstract

Sustainable building energy supply is crucial to the sustainable development of society, and replacing the separation production energy system with a hybrid renewable energy distributed energy system (DES) can help achieve this goal. However, there are challenges to the application of such building DES, such as collaboration between multiple DESs, conflicts between DESs and users, and user energy management/evaluation. While existing works rarely consider them simultaneously. Therefore, this work presents a two-stage collaborative optimization model to solve these issues. The first-stage optimizes the structures and capacities of DESs and the electricity and heat interchanges between DESs to maximize energy, economic, and emission performances. Based on user energy consumption elasticity, the second-stage evaluates DES revenue and user energy consumption utility/satisfaction to perform a multi-leader and multi-follower game. The interactive game determines energy prices and manages the hourly building user demands. A case study shows the validation of the proposed method. The results indicate that from the initial stage to reaching game equilibrium, the revenue of DESs decreases by approximately 11.2 % due to the declined energy prices, which increase users' hourly loads. Then, users’ utility can be increased by 7.0 % due to satisfaction improvement. Moreover, the renewable energy penetration rate in DESs is increased by 7.1 %, and the relative energy, economic, and emission performances (the baseline is traditional separation production system) of DESs are increased by 5.9 %, 0.5 %, and 4.5 %, respectively. The proposed framework helps to design/manage clean and efficient building energy systems and formulate reasonable energy prices, favoring DES development and carbon neutrality goals.