Galton's data a century later.

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A century ago, Francis Galton obtained data from thousands of individuals on a variety of sensory, psychomotor, and physical attributes. A sub- stantial portion of these data has remained unana- tyzed. In this article, we report on the reliability of the measures, developmental trends in mean scores, correlations of the measures with age, correlations among measures, occupational differences in scores, and sibling correlations. Test-retest correlations gen- erally were very substantial Growth continued some individuals, especially those from lower eco- nomic strata, until they were in their mid-2Os. De- velopmental trends during later childhood, adoles- cence, and early maturity were found to be similar to those described in contemporary developmental psychological literature, except that the tempo of development appears to have been slightly slower then than now. Persons from lower economic strata were smaller and weaker and showed less sensory efficiency. In addition, analyses of variance indicated that persons from lower economic strata continued their physical growth longer than persons from more advantaged environments. Sibling resemblances were substantial on most of the measures; opposite-sex siblings resembled one another less than did same- sex siblings. In 1884, Francis Galton established an anthropo- metric laboratory at the International Health Exhi- bition in South Kensington, London, for the mea- surement in various ways of Human Form and Faculty (quoted in Pearson, 1924, p. 359). In about one year, data were collected on 9,337 individuals. A similar laboratory, which operated several years, was established in the Science Galleries of the South Kensington Museum in 1888. The purposes of these laboratories were described in a handbill as follows: 1. For the use of those who desire to be accurately measured in many ways, either to obtain timely warning of remediable faults in development, or to learn their powers.