Abstract
The gain of silicon photomultipliers increases with bias voltage and decreases with temperature. To operate SiPMs at stable gain, the bias voltage can be readjusted to compensate for temperature changes. We have tested this concept with 30 SiPMs from three manufacturers in a climate chamber at CERN varying the temperature from 1°C to 48°C. We built an adaptive power supply that is based on a linear dependence of bias voltage versus temperature. With one selected dVb/dT value, we stabilized four SiPMs simultaneously. We fulfilled our goal of stabilizing most SiPMs with gain changes of less than 0.5% in the 20° − 30°C temperature range. We studied afterpulsing of SiPMs for different temperatures and bias voltages.
Highlights
The gain of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) [1, 2, 3] increases with bias voltage Vb and decreases with temperature T
We studied afterpulsing of SiPMs for different temperatures and bias voltages
We successfully completed gain stabilization tests for 30 SiPMs demonstrating that batches of SiPMs can be stabilized with one compensation value of dVb/dT
Summary
The gain of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) [1, 2, 3] increases with bias voltage Vb and decreases with temperature T. We achieve stable gain by readjusting the bias voltage appropriately if the temperature changes. This procedure requires detailed knowledge of dVb/dT. We define stable gain as a gain change ∆G ≤ ±0.5% in the 20◦ − 30◦C temperature range. We have tested this procedure with 30 SiPMs (18 from Hamamatsu, eight from KETEK and four from CPTA) using a custom-made adaptive power supply that accomplishes automatic linear dVb/dT adjustments when the temperature changes. Automatic gain stabilization is important for the operation of large detector system like an analog hadron calorimeter [4]
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