Abstract
CD18 (beta 2 leukocyte integrin) is a leukocyte-specific adhesion molecule that plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses. A 79-nucleotide fragment of the CD18 promoter is sufficient to direct myeloid transcription. The CD18 promoter is bound by the B lymphocyte- and myeloid-restricted ets factor, PU.1, and disruption of the PU.1-binding sites significantly reduces promoter activity. However, PU.1 alone cannot fully account for the leukocyte-specific and myeloid-inducible transcription of CD18. We identified a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein complex of extremely low electrophoretic mobility that also binds to this region of the CD18 promoter. This binding complex is a heterotetramer composed of GABP alpha, and ets factor, and GABP beta, a subunit with homology to Drosophila Notch. GABP alpha competes with the lineage restricted factor, PU.1, for the same critical CD18 ets sites. The CD18 promoter is activated in myeloid cells by transfection with both GABP alpha and GABP beta together, but not by either factor alone. Transfection of non-hematopoietic cells with the two GABP subunits together with PU.1 is sufficient to activate CD18 transcription in otherwise non-permissive cells. Thus, GABP and PU.1 compete for the same binding sites but cooperate to activate CD18 transcription.
Highlights
Cellular differentiation is linked to tightly regulated gene expression, and most developmentally regulated genes are controlled at the transcriptional level [1]
We have shown that this region of the promoter is bound by PU.1, an ets-related transcription factor that is expressed by B lymphocytes and myeloid cells
We have found, using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), that multiple nuclear proteins bind to the crucial regulatory region of the CD18 promoter
Summary
Cellular differentiation is linked to tightly regulated gene expression, and most developmentally regulated genes are controlled at the transcriptional level [1]. We have shown that this region of the promoter is bound by PU., an ets-related transcription factor that is expressed by B lymphocytes and myeloid cells Mutagenesis of these PU.1-binding sites in the CD18 promoter decreases promoter activity and commensurately decreases PU. binding [8]. We have found, using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), that multiple nuclear proteins bind to the crucial regulatory region of the CD18 promoter We characterized these factors in order to better define the regulated transcription of CD18. We identified a protein complex of extremely low electrophoretic mobility that binds to these crucial regulatory elements This complex contains both GABP␣, an ets-related factor, and GABP, a subunit with homology to Drosophila Notch [13, 14]. Two different etsrelated transcription factors, the lineage restricted factor PU. and the ubiquitously expressed factor GABP␣, compete for binding to crucial regulatory sites in the CD18 promoter, yet they functionally cooperate to activate CD18 transcription
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