Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems

Adele M Dixon,Anne M K Stoner,Scott F Heron,Maria Beger,Piers M Forster

doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004

Adele M Dixon, Anne M K Stoner + Show 3 more

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Thermal refugia underpin climate-smart management of coral reefs, but whether current thermal refugia will remain so under future warming is uncertain. We use statistical downscaling to provide the highest resolution thermal stress projections (0.01°/1 km, >230,000 reef pixels) currently available for coral reefs and identify future refugia on locally manageable scales. Here, we show that climate change will overwhelm current local-scale refugia, with declines in global thermal refugia from 84% of global coral reef pixels in the present-day climate to 0.2% at 1.5°C, and 0% at 2.0°C of global warming. Local-scale oceanographic features such as upwelling and strong ocean currents only rarely provide future thermal refugia. We confirm that warming of 1.5°C relative to pre-industrial levels will be catastrophic for coral reefs. Focusing management efforts on thermal refugia may only be effective in the short-term. Promoting adaptation to higher temperatures and facilitating migration will instead be needed to secure coral reef survival.

Highlights

Coral reefs in every region of the world are threatened by climate change, no matter how remote or well protected [1]
Identifying coral reef locations that can buffer the effects of rising ocean temperatures, hereafter “thermal refugia”, is a crucial first step to identifying multistressor climate refugia
To represent sites where coral communities can be maintained and/or re-established, we define thermal refugia as 1 km reef pixels with a probability of thermal stress events less than 0.1 yr-1

Summary

Introduction

Coral reefs in every region of the world are threatened by climate change, no matter how remote or well protected [1]. Future thermal refugia for coral reefs variability for global 1 km reef pixels is in the S2 Dataset. We use the latest generation of climate model projections (CMIP6) to project future thermal exposure on shallow-water coral reefs globally and identify thermal refugia at the highest spatial resolution available (1 km).

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