Future Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use on Multiple Ecosystem Services in a Rapidly Urbanizing Agricultural Basin, China

Yang Liu,Jun Bi,Jianshu Lv

doi:10.3390/su10124575

Abstract

Ecosystem services (ESs) in rapidly urbanizing agricultural basins are vulnerable to environmental changes. Adequately understanding the driving forces and the dynamics of ESs related to water quantity and quality can provide a basis for making sound management decisions on the development of basins. Here, we explored the impacts of future land use and climate changes on four ESs: nitrogen and phosphorous purification, water supply, and soil retention services in the Taihu Basin region of eastern China. Spatially explicit methods, a cellular automata-Markov (CA-Markov) model and the delta downscaling method were used to quantify the ESs, simulate land use changes, and project future climate changes, respectively. We built a business-as-usual land use scenario, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios for climate change, as well as a combined land use and climate change scenario to analyze the changes in the drivers and the responses of ESs. The results showed the following: (1) future land use changes would significantly enhance the nitrogen purification service while reducing the phosphorus purification service compared to other services; (2) climate change would have substantial effects on water supply and soil retention, but these impacts would vary with different RCPs scenarios during three future periods; and (3) the combined scenarios of both drivers would obviously influence all ESs and lead to a nitrogen purification service that was different from the other three services. Moreover, the policy implications of the results were discussed. The findings can help guide the creation of policies for land structure and patterns, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem-based management to promote the sustainable development of watersheds at the regional scale.

Highlights

Ecosystem services (ESs) have drawn considerable attention since the publication of the research by Costanza (1997) [1], and numerous studies have been carried out to quantify and map the supply of ESs [2,3]
The deviation between the results simulated by the nutrient purification model and previous studies [69,70] was controlled within 20%, demonstrating that the model was fit for the study area
As land use and climate changes and their combined effects have become a pressing issue, our study quantified the future changes in these drivers and the corresponding responses of multiple ecosystem services (ESs) related to water quantity and quality under different scenarios in the Taihu Basin region

Summary

Introduction

Ecosystem services (ESs) have drawn considerable attention since the publication of the research by Costanza (1997) [1], and numerous studies have been carried out to quantify and map the supply of ESs [2,3]. The circulation of material and flow of energy on Earth are altered with climate change, population growth, technological progress, and urbanization [4], which complicate the spatial patterns and temporal changes in ESs. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes is essential to maintain ecosystems as dynamic and adaptive systems to promote the supply of ESs [5]. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes is essential to maintain ecosystems as dynamic and adaptive systems to promote the supply of ESs [5] This understanding is a key step in integrating ESs into actual management that takes driving forces as the control factors [6,7]. Recent studies have shown that land use change caused by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and grazing may lead to the reduction in carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and water-related services [28,29,30,31], while increases in protected areas, woodlands, wetlands, and other ecological lands can promote ESs [32,33,34]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion