Fussing and fiddling: An interview with Christopher Reid

Objective Mock interview provides candidates with a context for better preparing for real job interviews. However, there’s little information about mock interview for clinical medicine students available in the literature. A mock interview was carried out to improve the medical students’ confidence and explore an effective method of career training. Methods A short mock interview was designed in Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) for the 7-year clinical medicine students. In the activity, students rotated role-playing duties as interviewer and interviewee. Students were asked to complete a questionnaire anonymously afterwards to assess the impact of the experience. Results A total of 33 students without former experience of any mock interview nor other disciplines completed their mock interview. All students thought the mock interview necessary and helpful for their future job interview, and reported that they had their quality improved after the mock interview (100%, 33/33). Students benefited from exposure to different roles as interviewer, interviewee and observer, and gained a good perspective on their strengths and weaknesses. Mock interview were ranked number one among a series of interview related programs. Conclusions Mock interview helped clinical medicine students on further preparation for real job interviews. Key words: Clinical medicine; Medical student; Mock interview; Real job interviews; Impression

It is that time of year again. Junior doctors have frantically applied for jobs and are anticipating interviews. The aftermath of the Medical Training and Application Service has meant that training posts are in high demand. Those fortunate enough to be short-listed need to be well prepared for the interview. We have been to many interviews through our training equipped with our curricula vitae, logbooks and with a little interview practice from seniors together with haphazard reading around of current political/specialty affairs. Nowadays, the interviews have become more structured. Many have become complicated ordeals involving sections testing both personality and clinical know-how. We believe that interviews should be treated as an examination, with preparation being the key to success. Various juniors have asked us for advice regarding interviews and we have recommended this book. There are various books on the market that tackle the issues raised in interviews. However, as a busy clinician, it is difficult to find the time to go through reams of text and such detail is seldom required. Chinmoy Maity, a medical registrar, wrote the first edition based on information he had collected from various sources for interview purposes. The second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to take into account current legal, ethical and social issues. It is divided into sections covering medical interviews, medicolegal issues, medical ethics, medicosocial issues, clinical governance, research, publications and statistics. Each of the sections starts from the basics and, since no previous knowledge is required, it is an excellent book for all levels of trainee. For example, the medical interview section begins with the structure of the interview process, moving on to useful guidelines on presentations and answers for the commonly asked questions including the duties of a doctor, the poorly performing colleague, complaints procedure, business plans, etc. Although written by a physician, the book is also useful for the surgical trainee. The medicolegal issues covered tackle consent, defining capacity, competence and confidentiality. Clinical governance is comprehensively explained and related to current practice. The book handles up-to-date issues in the NHS. Topical subjects including the European Working Time Directive, Modernising Medical Careers, the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board, Primary Care Trusts and the National Patient Safety Agency are all discussed in an easy-to-understand, bitesized manner. Although the days of critically appraising a paper as part of the interview have gone, statistical questions are still the make-or-break questions in interviews. Ever wondered about the difference between descriptive, inferential and diagnostic statistics? This book makes statistics simple and relevant to clinical practice. It has taken all the parts of statistics that are relevant and usually asked about and simplified them into answers that are easy to read and understand. Overall, this book has been a life-saver with regards to preparing for interviews. It provides the knowledge required to give extra confidence. The style of writing makes it a pleasure to read. The volume of text is made manageable by the various figures and bullet points. This also makes it good as reference material and as a last-minute refresher book. We would definitely recommend it as a building block on which to prepare for interviews. Though it lacks up-to-date information on the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme and the implications of the Tooke Report on surgical training, it is nevertheless comprehensive enough for all grades from house officer to consultant surgeon. We regard this book as one of the most valuable investments we have made.

Zusammenfassung: Das Interview ist nach wie vor das beliebteste sozialwissenschaftliche Verfahren des Datengewinns. Okonomie der Erhebung, Vergleichbarkeit und die Moglichkeit, Einsicht in Praxisbereiche und historisch-biografische Dimensionen zu erhalten, die der direkten Beobachtung kaum zuganglich sind, machen seine Attraktivitat aus. Zugleich mehren sich Kritiken, die seine Leistungsfahigkeit problematisieren, indem sie auf die begrenzte Reichweite der Explikationsfahigkeiten der Befragten, die Reaktivitat der Erhebung oder die Differenz zwischen Handeln und dem Bericht uber Handeln verweisen. Im Beitrag wird zwischen Ansatzen, die das Interview als Text, und solchen, die es als Interaktion verstehen, unterschieden. Nach dem Text-Verstandnis werden Interviews unter inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten analysiert und als Zugang zu einer vorgangigen sozialen oder psychischen Wirklichkeit angesehen. Das Interaktions-Verstandnis versteht Interviews dagegen als situierte Praxis, in welcher im Hier und Jetzt von InterviewerInnen und Befragten gemeinsam soziale Sinnstrukturen hergestellt werden. Anhand ubiquitarer Phanomene der Interviewinteraktion – Fragen, Antworten und die Selbstpositionierung von InterviewerInnen und Befragten – werden Praktiken des interaktiv-performativen Handelns im Interview dargestellt. Ihre Relevanz fur die Interviewkonstitution und ihre Erkenntnispotenziale fur die Interviewauswertung werden aufgezeigt. Es wird dafur pladiert, die interaktive Konstitutionsweise von Interviews empirisch zu erforschen und methodisch konsequent zu berucksichtigen.

Previous studies of interviewer performance have mostly focused on its association with interviewer characteristics. Little attention has been devoted to role-restricted variables such as interview rapport. This paper examines the effect of interview rapport on interviewer clerical performance. Interview rapport is based on the interviewer's evaluation of a respondent's cooperativeness during an interview, while interviewer clerical performance is measured by six answer-recording behaviors. Four datasets analyzed were from Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) conducted in 2000 and 2001. A two-level Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM2) was used recognizing the possible importance of interviewer effects.The analysis of the combined data showed that interview rapport exerts not only positive linear effect but also negative curvilinear effect on interviewer clerical performance. The estimated coefficient suggested that interviewer performance increase with rapport but decline after the rapport scores was more than 16. A modification of the measurement of interview rapport and interviewer performance as well as conceptual framework was discussed.

<b>This is an Active Citation data project. Active Citation is a precursor approach to<br/><a href="https://qdr.syr.edu/ati">Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)</a>. It has now been converted to the ATI format. The assembled project can be viewed at:</b> <h3><a href="https://qdr.syr.edu/atipaper/democratic-and-judicial-stagnation#annotations:group:2Nopp9mx" >https://qdr.syr.edu/atipaper/democratic-and-judicial-stagnation</a> <h3/> <h3>Broader research project overview</h3> <p>Contemporary expressions of judicial empowerment, this book argues, are the product of multiple causes linked together in a historical sequence. The puzzle I grapple with in this book is the presence of intermittently high levels of judicial empowerment in Uganda and Malawi and weak levels of judicial empowerment in Tanzania. All three cases exhibit high levels of neopatrimonial rule and elite insecurities and high levels of interference. I argue that evidence of higher levels of judicial empowerment in Uganda and Malawi, compared to Tanzania, is best explained through reference to the critical junctures. These critical junctures have helped shape the internal dynamics of the institutions, which in turn strengthen or weaken the ability of the courts to resist interference and maintain decision-making autonomy. Courts have evolved as the result of particular historical struggles and pathways. The footprints of colonialism, authoritarian dictators, and elite-led transitions are reflected in contemporary institutions.</p> <p>The book finds that high levels of interference do not necessarily correlate with judicial weakness. Despite intense attacks on judicial independence, the courts have sustained some autonomy in Malawi and Uganda. Judicial decision making acts as a feedback loop, and depending on the degree of institutional strength (i.e., levels of support, solid leadership, strong institutional protections), courts will then shape future strategies against interference.</p> <p>The book identifies seven ways in which judges construct their own power: <ul> <li>Through decisionmaking, signaling to both the government and opposition</li> <li>Through the formation of strategic off-bench alliances</li> <li>Through the emergence of a courageous judicial culture</li> <li>Judicial leadership is critical</li> <li>Speed at which judges handle and dispose of cases</li> <li>Judges frame their decisions beyond the mere legality of the question</li> <li>Deep pool of potential judicial personnel</li> </ul> In sum, examining the pathways to judicial empowerment allows us to reveal critical moments of change, but also to identify the iterative effects of regime and institution interaction. In other words, judicial empowerment is not simply a reflection of the route or path taken, but of the cumulative effects of institutional layering over time.</p> <h3>Methods</h3> <p>The primary method of measuring the dependent variable – judicial empowerment - is an examination of politically salient cases. Politically salient cases were identified through interviews, newspaper coverage, and selected secondary literature.</p> <p>I collected reported cases in the United States (Harvard University) and the United Kingdom (School of Oriental and African Studies and the British Library). In addition, the Africalaw database incorporates Tanzania and Uganda from 1999 to the present. More recently, the Africalii project has collected cases in all three countries. In the field I found that the only official record is the handwritten court registry. In Malawi, I collected data from the court register. Tanzania has national law reports through 1997. However, as my research on Tanzania progressed, it became evident that the editorial board was alleged by several informants to have been highly politicized. Finally, Uganda has not published a law report since 1957. But old case files were inaccessible due to limited physical access. In Uganda, case files are stored in the basement of the High Court in Kampala. The room is now so full, it is impossible to open the door to the storage facility. Despite these challenges, I was able to obtain a close to complete universe of what I term “politically significant cases.” Analyzing the universe of significant political cases, and conducting a close textual analysis of the actual decisions, have led to important insights that might not be gained through simply counting pro- or anti-government decisions.</p> <p>The majority of fieldwork was conducted from August 2006 to July 2007. Second trips to Malawi and Tanzania took place during the summer of 2009. While conducting field research, I also collected archival research at newspaper offices, as this was important for piecing together timelines and identifying important cases. Finally, the last major resource for my analysis was interviews. I conducted interviews with legal scholars and lawyers, international donors, civil society activists, and most importantly with judges in all three countries. I interviewed several high court judges and at least one constitutional/supreme court judge in every country. The interviews were semi-structured to allow for comparison among the respondents, but not so rigidly as to shut off the possibility of gleaning information I had not previously considered. The ultimate goal was not to interview every past and present high court justice, but to garner enough information to discern both behavioral and attitudinal patterns.</p> <p>Through the use of snowball techniques, I interviewed more than sixty informants in the field. One of the problems with relying on referrals was that people often connected me to individuals they believed would tell me what I wanted to hear. This often included the more outspoken and assertive judges, for example. So in addition I approached many individuals not through referral, but based on prior desk research. The interviews were conducted anonymously, and ranged in length from 30 to 160 minutes. Interviewees are identified throughout by occupation and nationality only. Specific titles such as “Chief Justice” have been eliminated.</p> <h3>Data capture modes</h3> <p>Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Notes were taken during all interviews and sometimes observations recorded after the interviews. All interview data are kept anonymous. Subjects are prominent political and legal elites. They are identified by profession and location only. Court cases were scanned and photocopied. Newspaper articles were summarized and logged in data sheet in Excel.</p> <h3>Logic of activation and annotation</h3> <p>I activate citations that are central to my argument, or are controversial and contestable within the literature.</p> <p>I annotate the majority of citations drawn from original field data. I explain the data collection techniques and methodological limitations, particularly as it relates to news sources. I also annotate citations which speak directly to major theoretical claims and controversies in the literature. I also attempt to link the annotations to either full text or large portions of the interview, news source, court judgment, secondary literature.</p> <p>In regards to attaching portions of the interview transcripts, I have redacted large portions of the interview to preserve anonymity. I provide a page or two before the quote and after the quote to elucidate the full context of the quote and allow the reader to further assess its validity and usefulness in supporting my arguments.</p> <p>In some cases additional data has been collected since the publication of the book. This is referenced and, where possible, is provided.</p> <p>References to court judgments are linked to full PDF’s of the judgments. Some of these PDF’s are the author’s own copies, others are now available online. Where possible, both the PDF and the URL are provided. This is also the case with news articles. Where web links are not available, extended quotes or portions of the original article are included. </p>

In face-to-face interviews, interviewers can have an important positive influence on the quality of survey data, but they can also introduce interviewer effects. What is even more problematic is that interviewers may decide to falsify all or parts of interviews. The question that the present article seeks to answer is whether the interviewer effects found in falsified data are similar to those found in real data, or whether interviewer effects are larger and more diverse in falsified data and may thus be used as an indicator for data contamination by interviewer falsifications. To investigate this question, experimental data were used from controlled real interviews, interviews falsified by the same interviewers, and questionnaires completed by these interviewers themselves as respondents. Intraclass correlations and multilevel regression models were applied, and interviewer effects in the real survey data were compared with those in the falsified data. No evidence of interviewer effects was found in the real data. By contrast, interviewer effects were found in the falsified data. In particular, there was a significant association between the interviewers’ own responses and the falsified responses to the same questions in the questionnaire. Thus, to detect interviewer falsifications, I recommend that researchers should also get the interviewers to complete the questionnaire and check datasets or suspicious cases for interviewer effects.

Research has explained interviewer effects in face-to-face surveys: in terms of question, respondent and interviewer characteristics. In this paper, we relate interview speed to interviewer effects. Three interview types are operationalized (slow, moderate and fast) based on the residual speeds from a model controlling for respondent characteristics. Data from the European Social Survey is used. Results show larger interviewer effects among slow and fast interviews than moderate interviews, although with variations between variables and countries. Assuming that moderate interviews are conducted under standardized interviewing, these results support the idea that deviations from standardized interviewing are linked to greater interviewer effects.

Aim:Evidence suggests that patients interviewed by a peer are more likely to show negative responses about satisfaction with mental health services than in clinician-led interviews. In this cross-over study, we engaged service users in collecting data on patients’ satisfaction with their mental health care services and quality of life (QoL). Peer-led and clinician-led interviews were carefully analyzed for differences. Methods: Between January and May 2010, 92 patients attending our outpatient psychiatric services were invited to participate in the study. All patients were interviewed twice (once by a peer and once by a clinician, in a randomized fashion). The time interval between the two interviews was approximately 10 days (range: 7 to 14 days). We collected data on the period effect (i.e., the temporal interval between the first and the second interview), the sequence effect (initial peer-led interview followed by a clinician-led interview or vice versa), and the treatment effect (i.e., type of interviewer). The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to assess QoL. Data on satisfaction with mental health services, treatments, and work support were also collected. Results: Some answers to interview questions were slightly different between peer-led and clinician-led interviews, although this difference did not reach significance. We found a statistically significant treatment effect that explained the observed differences in the WHOQOL-BREF scores. Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicate that patients interviewed by a peer are more likely to reveal negative responses about QoL compared with clinician-led interviews. A higher level of confidence with peers than with professionals may at least in part explain these findings.

In this article I explore the way New Zealand English speakers use language in post-match interviews after professional televised rugby games. More specifically, I focus on the linguistic features that serve to create the tone of this particular interview genre. What I will demonstrate is that features of interviewer conduct such as the use of terms of endearment, tokens of commiseration and congratulations, a focus on positive experiences, complimenting and praising, and the use of humour help to create a conciliatory interview experience. These features and this tone of interview differ remarkably from other media interviews that have been frequently explored in the media discourse literature, such as political interviews. In the discussion I explore this point further by comparing the social contexts of both the post-match interview and the more adversarial political interview in an attempt to account for the conciliatory fashion in which post-match interviews are carried out. Suggestions for future research are also explored.

With the advent of technology, it has become very easy to crack interviews with the help of mechanisms that enable candidates to pre-prepare answers to a lot of common themes of questions asked across the interview process. Potential talent easily prepares compelling stories about ‘working in a team’ or ‘managing a difficult situation’ and use them to showcase whatever they want an interviewer to hear. And thus, it has become harder than ever to differentiate between the ideal candidate and the candidate who is just good at googling. And therefore, it becomes increasingly important to ensure placement of various talent filters during the interview process, in order to get what we need. This study aims to explore the new and enhanced interviewing mechanisms being adopted in the Consulting sector, to ensure that they hire the best fit candidate for the position, along with the enhanced evaluation methods and thus studying the impact of these changes on the candidate and business experience. To do so, they study will deal with finding out the best practices being implemented worldwide across all sectors and to curate them in accordance with the interview processes taking places at the Big 5. And for the easy adoption of these practices, creation of training modules and handbook for the interviewees/ recruiters. Looking from a broader perspective, personalization and proper communication content and guidelines will also have to be developed in order to make the candidate experience a seamless and user friendly one. The findings show that interview trends have been continuously evolving over time to adapt to the new technologies in place, but these changes come with its own set of challenges and biases. Thus, creation of a standardized and objective interview process is the way forward. Thus, expecting the outcome to hire the best fit candidate for the business and a positive experience for the candidate. Identification of various interview practices prevalent in the industry. Understand the global scenario and need in the HR domain when it comes to conducting effective interviews. Development of a standardized and objective interview mechanism taking into account various evaluation techniques and parameters that ensures horizontal comparison of all candidates to find the perfect fit for the position. Research on the various technological disruptions in the fields of interview mechanisms in lieu of the Future of the Workforce. This study is original in nature and includes insights that are valuable to consulting firms that do bulk hiring for various roles, and are in constant need of finding the right fit to fill the open position.

Objective To evaluate effects of motivational interviewing on behavior change stages and quality of life in patients with hypertension. Methods The published literature on the effects of motivational interviewing on behavior change stages and quality of life in patients with hypertension before June 2018 was retrieved by computer from the databases of Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data and China Biological Medicine (CBM) databases. Mean difference (MDs) was used as the combined effect of quality of life scores in the two groups. Relative risk (RR) was used as a combined effect in the stage of behavior change. Meta-analysis was carried out through RevMan 5.3 statistical software provided by Cochrane Collaboration Network. Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 1 238 cases (motivational interviewing group 618, control group 620) met the inclusion criteria. At the 3rd month and 6th month after motivational interview, the scores of quality of life measurement scale for patients with hypertension in the motivational interviewing group were higher than those in the control group (MD=6.21, 95%CI: 2.48-9.94, P=0.001; MD=6.49, 95%CI: 5.53-7.44, P<0.001) . The scores of dimensions of quality of life measurement scale in patients with hypertension in the motivational interviewing group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) . At the 3rd month and 6th month after motivational interview, besides the preparation stage, the motivation interview group showed a higher change of motivation than the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusions Motivational interviews can effectively improve the motivation of patients with essential hypertension and their quality of life, which is worthy of clinical promotion. Key words: Hypertension; Quality of life; Motivational interview; Meta-analysis

論文摘要 回顧過去研究，近年來影響甄選面談的因素已成為許多學者研究的焦點。過去的研究發現，應徵者的外表吸引力與其在面談中所表現的語言及非語言行為，會正面地影響面試官的評量；然而，亦有研究指出並非在所有情況下，這些因素都將對面試官評量有正向影響。本研究延伸過去學者的看法，檢視在真實甄選面談情境中，職務性別取向符合程度、及顧客接觸需求程度的干擾角色，並嘗試解釋過去文獻結果分歧的原因。 本研究對象包含台灣的39家公司，共177位應徵者與114位面試官。研究結果顯示，當職務性別取向符合程度愈高，應徵者的外表吸引力與面試官評量之間的正向關係會愈強，此結果部份支持Heilman (1983)「不適切性模型」的觀點。此外，當職務的顧客接觸需求程度愈高，亦會使外表吸引力與面試官評量間的正向關係變得愈強。最後，本研究探討三因子之交互作用，發現當職務性別取向符合程度較低時，不論顧客接觸需求程度高或低，較不擅長運用非語言行為之應徵者反而皆會有較高的面試官評量；而過去早期研究認為非語言行為將對面試官評量產生正面影響的觀點，本研究結果顯示唯有在職務性別取向符合程度較高、且顧客接觸需求程度亦較高的情況下，此正向關係才會成立。

Interviewer effects, or variations in interviewee responses associated with interviewers, are not uncommon in survey research. Such effects are more likely when interview questions are open-ended. Recent research shows moderate interviewer effects in the number of personal network members elicited, with intraclass correlations ranging between 0.13 and 0.15 after adjustment for respondent and interviewer characteristics. It is crucial that network elicitation be as complete as possible, because most network measures are sensitive to missing data. Sexual and drug injection networks shape the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and other infectious agents. The elicitation of sexual and drug injection partners involves asking sensitive open-ended questions, which may increase the likelihood of interviewer effects. Therefore, we assessed the magnitude of interviewer effects in the elicitation of such partners. The results from five data sets suggest no or relatively small interviewer effects on the number of partners elicited (intraclass correlations = 0.06, median = -0.01). We found similar results when we adjusted for numerous covariates and when we examined interviewer effects on the number of partners that interviewees estimated (prior to listing partners individually) they had. Moreover, there is no consistent interaction between interviewer and interviewee sex on the number of sexual partners elicited, indicating that, on average, male and female interviewers are equally effective with interviewees of either sex.

Because the researcher is the instrument in semistructured or unstructured qualitative interviews, unique researcher characteristics have the potential to influence the collection of empirical materials. This concept, although widely acknowledged, has garnered little systematic investigation. This article discusses the interviewer characteristics of three different interviewers who are part of a qualitative research team. The researcher/interviewers - and authors of this article - reflect on their own and each other's interviews and explore the ways in which individual interview practices create unique conversational spaces. The results suggest that certain interviewer characteristics may be more effective than others in eliciting detailed narratives from respondents depending on the perceived sensitivity of the topic, but that variation in interviewer characteristics may benefit rather than detract from the goals of team-based qualitative inquiry. The authors call for the inclusion of enhanced self-reflexivity in interviewer training and development activities and argue against standardization of interviewer practices in qualitative research teams.

Limited epidemiological data related to injury and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) suggest relatively low injury risk compared to other exercises (e.g., running). PURPOSE: This qualitative study characterized injury related experiences for HIFT participants. METHODS: 60-min key informant interviews (KI) with six HIFT coaches (67% male, age = 39 ± 8y, 4 ± 3y experience), six 90-min focus groups (FG) with 48 HIFT exercisers (56% male, age = 34 ± 9y, 40% > 1y experience), and 15-min interviews (IN) with 10 HIFT exercisers (50% male, age = 43 ± 15y, 50% > 1y experience) were used. Only FG were asked “What injuries have you experienced as a result of participating in HIFT?” Data were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Member checking was used for interviews. Data were thematically analyzed to identify statements related to injuries, hurt, pain, soreness, or safety for all participants. Data were open-coded and discussed for consensus by two researchers. RESULTS: Key themes included participants reporting mostly minor “HIFT injuries” (KI = 33%, FG = 100%, IN = 20%). Participants also reported having “injuries from other types of exercises/sports” (KI = 33%, FG = 67%, IN = 10%) “High intensity workouts” influenced when participants pushed too hard and became injured or lessened intensity to avoid injury (KI = 50%, FG = 67%, IN = 20%). Accordingly, participants reported feeling pain and soreness “during workouts” (KI = 33%, FG = 83%, IN = 20%), although some liked this. Some “started HIFT because of injury” (KI = 33%, FG = 67%, IN = 10%) and utilized HIFT for “therapy/prevention of other health problems” (KI = 17%, FG = 50%, IN = 67%) while others “stopped HIFT due to injury” (KI = 33%, FG = 50%). Even though “perceived injury risk” was a participation barrier (FG = 67%, IN = 10%), “scaling or modifying” workouts helped avoid injuries or continue HIFT when injured (KI = 50%, FG = 17%, IN = 10%). “Good coaching” (KI = 50%, FG = 50%), “improved fitness” (KI = 17%, FG = 33%, IN = 30%), and “knowledge, technique, and goals” (KI = 33%, FG = 83%, IN = 10%) were injury prevention tools. CONCLUSIONS: Data illuminate the range of participants’ experiences with HIFT regarding injury, including how to modify workouts, prevent/recover from injuries, and improve health. Prospective studies should be designed to prevent and/or better track HIFT injuries.